Charles Ives: Ives conceived his Second String Quartet (1911–13; composition on second movement begun 1907) as a conversation, political argument, and reconciliation among four men; it is full of quotations from hymns, marches, and Beethoven, Brahms, and Tchaikovsky. His Variations on America (1891; additions before 1894) is the earliest polytonal…

Arnold Schoenberg: Evolution from tonality of Arnold Schoenberg: …the last movement of his Second String Quartet (1907–08). That work is innovative in another respect, too: it is the first string quartet to include a vocal part. The opening words of the Finale, “Ich fühle Luft von anderen Planeten” (“I feel air from another planet”), by the poet Stefan…

Western painting: Pagan Roman paintings: …mural paintings of the so-called Second style, the aim of which was to deny the walls as solid surfaces confining the room space. This was sometimes done by covering the whole area of the walls with elaborate landscapes, in which depth, atmosphere, and light are rendered in a highly pictorial,…

Palm Sunday, in the Christian tradition, the first day of Holy Week and the Sunday before Easter, commemorating Jesus Christ’s triumphal entry into Jerusalem. It is associated in many churches with the blessing and procession of palms (leaves of the date palm or twigs from locally available trees).

Sergey Rachmaninoff: Major creative activity: Of these, the Symphony No. 2 is the most significant: it is a work of deep emotion and haunting thematic material. While touring, he was invited to become permanent conductor of the Boston Symphony, but he declined the offer and returned to Russia in February 1910.

Māori: Māori versus Pākehā: The fighting resumed in the Second Taranaki War in April 1863 after Governor Grey built an attack road into the Waikato area and drove the Taranaki Māori from the Tataraimaka block. While fighting raged in Taranaki once again, the Waikato War began in July 1863, and the Waikato River region,…

Temple of Jerusalem, either of two temples that were the centre of worship and national identity in ancient Israel. In the early years of the Israelite kingdom, the Ark of the Covenant was periodically moved about among several sanctuaries, especially those of Shechem and Shiloh. After King David’s

Michel Butor: …Modification (1957; Second Thoughts, or A Change of Heart), Butor perfected his experimental technique and was considered to have arrived at his full powers. The work won the Prix Renaudot.

Vincent Sherman: Graylisting and later work: …the Blood (1961), Sherman directed The Second Time Around (1961), a pleasant western with Debbie Reynolds as a sheriff of a small Arizona town. The latter was Sherman’s last Hollywood film. His final feature, Cervantes (1967; also called Young Rebel), was a European film about the Spanish writer.

Two Treatises of Government, major statement of the political philosophy of the English philosopher John Locke, published in 1689 but substantially composed some years before then. The work may be considered a response to the political situation as it existed in England at the time of the exclusion

Black Hills: …Sioux and Arapaho by the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868. However, after a U.S. military expedition under George A. Custer discovered gold in the Black Hills in 1874, thousands of white gold hunters and miners swarmed into the area the following year. Native American resistance to that influx…

War of the Spanish Succession: Dynastic claims: A second Partition Treaty (October 1699) between France and England, which was subscribed in March 1700 by the United Provinces, offered Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the Indies to the archduke Charles. The dauphin was to get all of Spanish Italy except Milan, instead of which…

The Second Tree from the Corner, collection of literary miscellanea by E.B. White, published in 1954. Most of these essays, poems, and stories originally appeared in The New Yorker magazine, with which White was associated from 1927 to the end of his career. In this book White treats modernity and

Toggenburg Succession: …reassert his traditional rights over Toggenburg in order to strengthen Swiss Catholicism provoked the leading Protestant confederates, Zürich and Bern, to undertake the Toggenburg (or Second Villmergen) War, in which they quickly defeated the Abbot’s five Catholic supporters, Luzern, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Zug. The final settlement, under which the…

South African War, war fought from October 11, 1899, to May 31, 1902, between Great Britain and the two Boer (Afrikaner) republics—the South African Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State—resulting in British victory. Although it was the largest and most costly war in which the British

second wave of feminism, the period of the women’s movement in the United States that emerged in the 1960s and lasted through the 1970s. Unlike the first wave of feminism, of the 19th and early 20th centuries, which focused primarily on securing women’s right to vote, the second wave lobbied for

Dick Francis: Penalty (1997), Second Wind (1999), Shattered (2000), and Under Orders (2006). Late in life he began coauthoring novels with his son Felix, including Dead Heat (2007), Silks (2008), and Even Money (2009). Hot Money (1987) is considered one of his best works.

World War II, conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939–45. The principal belligerents were the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allies—France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China. The war was in many

Buchi Emecheta: That work was followed by Second-Class Citizen (1974), and both were later included in the single volume Adah’s Story (1983). Those books introduce Emecheta’s three major themes: the quests for equal treatment, self-confidence, and dignity as a woman. Somewhat different in style is Emecheta’s novel Gwendolen (1989; also published as…

postal system: United States: …established according to mail content: second-class consists of newspapers and magazines, third-class encompasses other printed matter and merchandise weighing less than one pound, and fourth-class mail is either merchandise or printed matter that weighs one pound or more. The addition of these classes allowed the post office to adopt more…

burn: The damage in a second-degree burn extends through the entire epidermis and part of the dermis. These injuries are characterized by redness and blisters. The deeper the burn the more prevalent the blisters, which increase in size during the hours immediately following the injury. Like first-degree burns, second-degree injuries…

computer: The IBM 360: …are commonly referred to as second-generation computers.

economic integration: Second-generation free-trade area: In a second-generation free-trade area, the basic nature of simple free trade is expanded to include trade in non-goods such as services. Where a simple free-trade area need only address the question of tariffs and quotas, the trade in services and a…

assembly language, type of low-level computer programming language consisting mostly of symbolic equivalents of a particular computer’s machine language. Computers produced by different manufacturers have different machine languages and require different assemblers and assembly languages. Some

United Nations: Peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peace building: …the civilian population was suffering, “second-generation” peacekeeping was developed to achieve multiple political and social objectives. Unlike first-generation peacekeeping, second-generation peacekeeping often involves civilian experts and relief specialists as well as soldiers. Another difference between second-generation and first-generation peacekeeping is that soldiers in some second-generation missions are authorized to employ…

Hal Ashby: The 1980s: …acclaimed films, Ashby’s next efforts—Second-Hand Hearts (1981) and Lookin’ to Get Out (1982), which actually was filmed before Hearts but was left on the shelf for two years—were poorly received. Searching for a change of pace, Ashby directed Let’s Spend the Night Together (1982), a Rolling Stones concert film…

concussion: Second-impact syndrome: Second-impact syndrome is a very rare condition characterized by diffuse cerebral swelling, potentially culminating in death, that is thought to occur when an individual sustains a second concussion when not fully recovered from the first one. There has been debate, however, as to…

foreign-language instruction: The term second language refers to a language in which instruction in other school subjects is carried on or that serves as a common language for speakers of diverse language groups, as English does in India or French in Guinea. Second-language instruction begins early, often in primary…

sound: Beats: Second-order beats occur between the two notes of a mistuned octave, and binaural beats involve beating between tones presented separately to the two ears, so that they do not mix physically.

difference equation: …those in which, for example, second-order differences are involved. A second-order difference is defined as

formal logic: Higher-order predicate calculi: In particular, in the second-order predicate calculus, quantification is permitted over both individual and predicate variables; hence, wffs such as (∀ϕ)(∃x)ϕx can be formed. This last formula, since it contains no free variables of any kind, expresses a determinate proposition—namely, the proposition that every property has at least one…

Kenneth Geddes Wilson: …of matter called continuous, or second-order, phase transitions.

formal logic: Higher-order predicate calculi: In particular, in the second-order predicate calculus, quantification is permitted over both individual and predicate variables; hence, wffs such as (∀ϕ)(∃x)ϕx can be formed. This last formula, since it contains no free variables of any kind, expresses a determinate proposition—namely, the proposition that every property has at least one…

Pinetti: …the 1780s, he introduced the second-sight trick (the apparent transference of thought from the magician to his assistant), automata, and escape tricks, including chain releases and escape from the “thumb tie.” He used elaborate stage apparatus and draped tables, with trapdoors operated by offstage assistants.

Edward Hopper: Such late paintings as Second-Story Sunlight (1960) are distinguished by extremely subtle spatial relationships and an even greater mastery of light than is seen in his work of the 1920s.

secure second strike, the ability, after being struck by a nuclear attack, to strike back with nuclear weapons and cause massive damage to the enemy. Secure second strike capability was seen as a key nuclear deterrent during the Cold War. The strategy also partially explained the extraordinarily

Baroque music: …for sacred music, while the stile moderno, or nuove musiche—with its emphasis on solo voice, polarity of the melody and the bass line, and interest in expressive harmony—developed for secular usage. The expanded vocabulary allowed for a clearer distinction between sacred and secular music as well as between vocal and…

geochronology: Classification of stratified rocks: …an intermediate category, or the Secondary (Flötzgebirge), composed of layered or stratified rocks containing fossils, and (3) a final or successionally youngest sequence of alluvial and related unconsolidated sediments (Angeschwemmtgebirge) thought to represent the most recent record of the Earth’s history.

pregnancy: Ectopic pregnancy: …is referred to as a secondary abdominal pregnancy. Primary abdominal pregnancies, in which the fertilized egg attaches to an abdominal organ, and ovarian pregnancies are rarer still.

ketone: Reactions of ketones: Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized to ketones (R2CHOH → R2CO). The reaction can be halted at the ketone stage because ketones are generally resistant to further oxidation. Oxidation of a secondary alcohol to a ketone can be accomplished by many oxidizing agents, most often chromic acid…

organohalogen compound: Structure and physical properties: …I) are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary according to the degree of substitution at the carbon to which the halogen is attached. In a primary alkyl halide, the carbon that bears the halogen is directly bonded to one other carbon, in a secondary alkyl halide to two, and in…

amine: Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on whether one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia have been replaced by organic groups. In chemical notation these three classes are represented as RNH2, R2NH, and R3N, respectively. A fourth category consists of quaternary ammonium compounds, which…

evolution of the atmosphere: Secondary atmosphere: The atmosphere that developed after primordial gases had been lost or had failed to accumulate is termed secondary. Although the chemical composition of the atmosphere has changed significantly in the billions of years since its origin, the inventory of volatile elements on which…

influenza pandemic (H1N1) of 2009: Symptoms and transmission: …which is known as the secondary attack rate, was higher for H1N1 flu than for seasonal influenza. (The typical secondary attack rate of seasonal influenza is between 5 and 15 percent.)

battery: Storage batteries: In contrast to primary cells, which are discharged once and then discarded, storage batteries can be supplied with direct current (DC) of the correct polarity and recharged to or near their original energy content and power capability—i.e., they can repeatedly store electrical energy.…

butyl alcohol: …structures: normal (n-) butyl alcohol, secondary (sec-) butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and tertiary (t-) butyl alcohol.

carbon footprint: Carbon footprint calculation: …carbon footprint is called the “secondary” carbon footprint, representing carbon emissions associated with the consumption of goods and services. The secondary footprint includes carbon emissions emitted by food production. It can be used to account for diets that contain higher proportions of meat, which requires a greater amount of energy…

medicine: Levels of health care: …to the second tier (secondary health care, or the referral services) for the opinion of a consultant with specialized knowledge or for X-ray examinations and special tests. Secondary health care often requires the technology offered by a local or regional hospital. Increasingly, however, the radiological and laboratory services provided…

cell: Mechanical properties of wall layers: …an additional layer, called the secondary wall. The middle lamella serves as a cementing layer between the primary walls of adjacent cells. The primary wall is the cellulose-containing layer laid down by cells that are dividing and growing. To allow for cell wall expansion during growth, primary walls are thinner…

cellulose acetate: …a secondary cellulose acetate, or cellulose diacetate. Diacetate can be dissolved by cheaper solvents such as acetone for dry-spinning into fibres. With a lower melting temperature (230 °C [445 °F]) than triacetate, diacetate in flake form can be mixed with appropriate plasticizers into powders for molding solid objects, and it…

wastewater treatment: Trickling filter: Settling tanks, called secondary clarifiers, follow the trickling filters. These clarifiers remove microbes that are washed off the rocks by the flow of wastewater. Two or more trickling filters may be connected in series, and sewage can be recirculated in order to increase treatment efficiencies.

solid-waste management: Furnace operation: In secondary combustion, the remaining unburned gases and particulates are oxidized, eliminating odours and reducing the amount of fly ash in the exhaust. When the refuse is very moist, auxiliary gas or fuel oil is sometimes burned to start the primary combustion.

steel: Tundish, mold, and secondary zone: The key control parameter of continuous casting is matching the flow of liquid steel into the mold with the withdrawal speed of the strand out of the mold. The control of flow rates is accomplished by the tundish, a small, refractory-lined distributer that…

Schwann cell: …are also damaged, producing “secondary demyelination.”

security: Trading procedures: A secondary distribution of stock resembles the underwriting of a new issue, the block being handled by a selling group or syndicate off the floor after trading hours, at a price regulated by the exchange. In an exchange distribution a member firm accumulates the necessary buy…

dysmenorrhea: Secondary dysmenorrhea is much less common. It can be caused by genital obstructions, pelvic inflammation or degeneration, abnormal uterine wall separation or development (i.e., endometriosis), chronic infection of the uterus, polyps or tumours, or weakness of the muscles that support the uterus. Often the pain…

secondary education, the second stage traditionally found in formal education, beginning about age 11 to 13 and ending usually at age 15 to 18. The dichotomy between elementary education and secondary education has gradually become less marked, not only in curricula but also in organization. The

dream: Psychoanalytic interpretations: …further observed a process called secondary elaboration, which occurs when people wake and try to remember dreams. They may recall inaccurately in a process of elaboration and rationalization and provide “the dream, a smooth facade, (or by omission) display rents and cracks.” This waking activity he called “secondary revision.”

electron tube: Secondary emission: …the emitted electrons are designated secondary. The amount of secondary emission depends on the properties of the material and the energy and angle of incidence of the primary electrons. Material properties are characterized by the secondary-emission ratio, defined as the number of secondary electrons emitted per primary electron. Typically, the…

secondary emission, ejection of electrons from a solid that is bombarded by a beam of charged particles. Some electrons within the surface of a material are given enough energy to break free from the attractive force holding them to the surface by a transfer of kinetic energy from the bombarding

secondary emission, ejection of electrons from a solid that is bombarded by a beam of charged particles. Some electrons within the surface of a material are given enough energy to break free from the attractive force holding them to the surface by a transfer of kinetic energy from the bombarding

electricity: Secondary electron emission: …electrons is known as the secondary emission coefficient. For low-incident energies (below about one electron volt), the primary electrons tend to be reflected and the secondary emission coefficient is near unity. With increasing energy, the coefficient at first falls and then at about 10 electron volts begins to rise again,…

electricity: Secondary electron emission: …electrons is known as the secondary emission coefficient. For low-incident energies (below about one electron volt), the primary electrons tend to be reflected and the secondary emission coefficient is near unity. With increasing energy, the coefficient at first falls and then at about 10 electron volts begins to rise again,…

Indo-European languages: Verbal inflection: ) Verbs with secondary endings were unmarked for tense and mood but were normally used as past indicatives (e.g., *H1és-t ‘he was,’ *gwhén-t ‘he slew’) and to fill out gaps in the imperative paradigm (e.g., *H1és-te or *H1s-té ‘you [plural] were,’ but also ‘be [plural]’; *gwhén-te or *gwhn̥-té…

mineral deposit: Secondary enrichment: An especially important class of residual deposit is formed by both the removal of valueless material in solution and the solution and redeposition of valuable ore minerals. Because solution and redeposition can produce highly enriched deposits, the process is known as a secondary…

enuresis: …continence has never been achieved), secondary (when continence was achieved for at least one year and then lost), nocturnal (occurring only during sleep), or diurnal (occurring during waking hours). The most prevalent form is nocturnal enuresis (also called bed-wetting and usually of the primary type), and the disorder occurs more…

explosive: Types of chemical explosives: …into two categories, primary and secondary. Primary explosives detonate by ignition from some source such as flame, spark, impact, or other means that will produce heat of sufficient magnitude. Secondary explosives require a detonator and, in some cases, a supplementary booster. A few explosives can be both primary and secondary…

conservation: Secondary extinctions: Once one species goes extinct, there will likely be other extinctions or even an avalanche of them. Some cases of these secondary extinctions are simple to understand—e.g., for every bird or mammal that goes extinct, one or several species of parasite also will…

sedimentary rock: Fabric: …fabrics: primary (or depositional) and secondary (or deformational). Primary fabrics are produced while the sediment is accumulating. For example, river currents and some submarine gravity flows generate sediments whose flaky and prismatic constituent particles have long or short axes parallel with one another to produce an oriented fabric. Secondary fabrics…

water supply system: Pipelines: …community, and smaller-diameter pipelines called secondary feeders, which tie in to the mains. Usually not less than 150 mm (6 inches) in diameter, these pipelines are placed within the public right-of-way so that service connections can be made for all potential water users. The pipelines are usually arranged in a…

thermonuclear warhead: Basic two-stage design: …physically separate component called the secondary. Both primary and secondary are contained within an outer metal case. Radiation from the fission explosion of the primary is contained and used to transfer energy to compress and ignite the secondary. Some of the initial radiation from the primary explosion is absorbed by…

social group: Cooley’s distinction between primary and secondary groups, set forth in his Human Nature and the Social Order (1902). “Primary group” refers to those personal relations that are direct, face-to-face, relatively permanent, and intimate, such as the relations in a family, a group of close friends, and the like. “Secondary group”…

medicine: Levels of health care: …to the second tier (secondary health care, or the referral services) for the opinion of a consultant with specialized knowledge or for X-ray examinations and special tests. Secondary health care often requires the technology offered by a local or regional hospital. Increasingly, however, the radiological and laboratory services provided…

philodendron: Physical description: …this life strategy are called secondary hemiepiphytes. Unlike most plants, the seedlings of hemiepiphytes do not grow toward the Sun; instead they grow toward a tree trunk. Once there, they shift to a light-seeking strategy as they climb to the top using modified roots. Eventually the stem dies at the…

hyperaldosteronism: Secondary hyperaldosteronism: Secondary hyperaldosteronism occurs as a consequence of activation of the normal physiologic mechanisms that maintain salt and water balance, blood volume, and blood flow to the kidneys. When salt and water are lost—for example, as a result of diarrhea, persistent vomiting, or excessive…

therapeutics: The cardiovascular system: …of all hypertensive patients have secondary hypertension, which is high blood pressure that results from a known cause (e.g., kidney disease). While the first treatment of hypertension typically is to have the patient achieve normal weight, exercise, and reduce sodium in the diet, a wide variety of drugs are available…

human endocrine system: Secondary endocrine hypofunction: Secondary hypofunction is a distinct category of endocrine gland hypofunction in which the gland is basically intact but is dormant because it either is not stimulated or is directly inhibited. This form of hypofunction is reversible in that the gland begins working normally again if…

manufacturing, any industry that makes products from raw materials by the use of manual labour or machinery and that is usually carried out systematically with a division of labour. (See industry.) In a more limited sense, manufacturing denotes the fabrication or assembly of components into

spinal cord injury: Spinal cord injury research: …two general approaches: prevention of secondary injury and repair of manifest damage. The term secondary injury is used to describe the observation that CNS structures, which have survived the primary mechanical trauma, die at a later time point because of deterioration of the milieu at the site of injury. The…

surgery: Present-day surgery: …after completion of the operation; secondary intention, in which the wound is left open and closes naturally; and third intention, in which the wound is left open for a number of days and then closed if it is found to be clean. The third technique is used in badly contaminated…

interjection: Primary and secondary interjections: A secondary interjection is a word or phrase that typically functions as another part of speech but that can also be used as an interjection—for example, Congratulations! and Never!

surface analysis: Secondary ion mass spectroscopy and ion scattering spectroscopy: For both SIMS and ISS, a primary ion beam with kinetic energy of 0.3–10 keV, usually composed of ions of an inert gas, is directed onto a surface. When an ion strikes the surface, two events can…

delta ray: …the energetic electrons that cause secondary ionization and are referred to as delta rays. On a developed photographic emulsion, in which strongly ionizing particles have left dense tracks, delta rays appear as thin wavy spurs or branches. The term delta ray, first used by the British physicist J.J. Thomson, is…

information processing: Primary and secondary literature: …development of what is termed secondary literature during the 19th century. The purpose of secondary literature is to “filter” the primary information sources, usually by subject area, and provide the indicators to this literature in the form of reviews, abstracts, and indexes. Over the past 100 years there has evolved…

lymphedema: …primary, which is genetic, and secondary, which arises from an outside cause. However, each of those forms can have aspects of the other; for example, some cancer patients who develop secondary lymphedema may be genetically predisposed to do so.

polyandry: …of marital union, sometimes called secondary marriage, obtains when a married woman cohabits with a man other than her husband without having terminated the marriage by annulment or divorce. Polyandry must be distinguished from privileged sexual access to a married woman, a practice that was fairly common in traditional cultures…

computer memory: Auxiliary memory: Auxiliary memory units are among computer peripheral equipment. They trade slower access rates for greater storage capacity and data stability. Auxiliary memory holds programs and data for future use, and, because it is nonvolatile (like ROM), it is used to store inactive programs…

human behaviour: Cognition: Secondary memory depends on the elaboration and organization of information in terms of its semantic content or meaning. Compared with younger adults, older adults appear to be deficient in these processes. Generally, they do not spontaneously use organizational strategies as extensively as do younger adults,…

angiosperm: Roots: …they give rise to new lateral meristems and lateral roots. In woody roots the vascular cambium (the lateral meristem that gives rise to secondary phloem and secondary xylem) originates in the pericycle as well as in the procambium; the procambium is the primary meristematic tissue between the primary phloem and…

angiosperm: Contribution to food chain: …found in the production of secondary compounds, such as alkaloids, quinones, essential oils, and glycosides. Angiosperms have evolved a comprehensive array of unpalatable or toxic secondary plant compounds that protect the plants from foraging herbivores. Some insects, however, successfully store these secondary compounds in their tissues and use them as…

petroleum: Migration through carrier beds: This movement is termed secondary migration and may be the result of rocks folding or raising from changes associated with plate tectonics. The distinction between primary and secondary migration is based on pore size and rock type. In some cases, oil may migrate through such permeable carrier beds until…

accessory mineral: …the magma; in contrast are secondary minerals, which form at a later time through processes such as weathering by hydrothermal alteration. Common minor accessory minerals include topaz, zircon, corundum, fluorite, garnet, monazite, rutile, magnetite, ilmenite, allanite, and tourmaline. Typical varietal accessories include biotite, muscovite, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.

secondary education: The British system: …students receive secondary education in secondary modern or grammar schools (these being remnants of the old tripartite school system), to which they are assigned after selective procedures at age 11.

parliamentary procedure: Rules of parliamentary procedure: …introduce a proposition, or as secondary motions, which are designed to affect the main motion or its consideration. A main motion is in order only when there is no other business before an assembly. It yields in precedence to all other questions.

motivation: …both animals and humans; and secondary, or learned, motives, which can differ from animal to animal and person to person. Primary motives are thought to include hunger, thirst, sex, avoidance of pain, and perhaps aggression and fear. Secondary motives typically studied in humans include achievement, power motivation,

Mesolithic: …equipment (these are sometimes called Secondary Neolithic).

arthritis: Osteoarthritis: Secondary osteoarthritis is caused by another condition, such as joint trauma, congenital joint malalignment, obesity, hormonal disorders, and osteonecrosis. Treatment for osteoarthritis is directed toward reducing pain and correcting joint mechanics and may include exercise, weight loss, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids

oogenesis: …and is known as the secondary ovum; the smaller cell is known as a polar body. The secondary ovum grows in the ovary until it reaches maturation; it then breaks loose and is carried into the fallopian tubes. Once in the fallopian tubes, the secondary egg cell is suitable for…

parkinsonism: This distinguishes it from secondary parkinsonism, a group of disorders very similar in nature to Parkinson disease but that arise from known or identifiable causes. The onset of Parkinson disease typically occurs between the ages of 60 and 70, although it can occur before the age of 40. It…

phloem: …palms but is replaced by secondary phloem in plants that have a cambium.