Abdoulaye Sadji: …a book of short stories, Tounka, nouvelle (1965; Tounka, a Novella). A determination to preserve traditional oral lore was also at work in La Belle Histoire de Leuk-le-Lièvre (1953; “The Splendid History of Leuk-the-Hare”), which he co-authored with Léopold Senghor.

toupee, originally, any raised roll of hair just above the forehead, either natural or artificial; today, a small hairpiece generally covering a bald spot. The toupee developed during the 18th century, when men and women began to comb the front hair over the top line of the wig to create a

toupee, originally, any raised roll of hair just above the forehead, either natural or artificial; today, a small hairpiece generally covering a bald spot. The toupee developed during the 18th century, when men and women began to comb the front hair over the top line of the wig to create a

Le Touquet-Paris-Plage, town, Pas-de-Calais département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France, at the mouth of the Canche River. Situated on the English Channel 20 miles (32 km) south of Boulogne, it is a fashionable seaside resort with casinos, conference and sports facilities, a horse-racing

bus: Modern buses: …bus is designed for short intercity runs and has high-back seats, luggage compartments and racks, and a single, front entrance.

balloon flight: The gas–hot air hybrid balloon: His balloon, christened Tour de Calais, was brilliantly decorated with artwork and metallic gilding. According to modern investigations, the metallic coating caused a static discharge that ignited the varnished envelope some 30 minutes after its launch from Boulogne on June 15, 1785. De Rozier and his passenger, Pierre-Jules…

Tour de France, the world’s most prestigious and most difficult bicycle race. Of the three foremost races (the others being the Giro d’Italia and the Vuelta a España), the Tour de France attracts the world’s best riders. Staged for three weeks each July—usually in some 20 daylong stages—the Tour

Kraftwerk: …the early 2000s and released Tour de France Soundtracks (2003), their first album of original material in some 17 years. Minimum-Maximum, their first live album, appeared in 2005. Schneider’s departure from Kraftwerk was announced in early 2009, but the band continued to tour. In 2012 New York City’s Museum of…

It is one of the most grueling events in all of sports. Over the span of about 20 days, Tour de France cyclists cover some 3,600 km (2,235 miles) of both flat land and great stretches of mountainous inclines. The annual race’s most difficult section is known as the “circle of death.” The rare

cycling: Modern sport racing: …for such races as the Tour Down Under in Australia, the Tour of Langkawi in Malaysia, and the Japan Cup. These races attract many professional teams from Europe and the United States. Many other Asian countries have races also, mainly for amateur teams from the region.

Around the World in Eighty Days, travel adventure novel by French author Jules Verne, published serially in 1872 in Le Temps and in book form in 1873. The work tells the story of the unflappable Phileas Fogg’s trip around the world, accompanied by his emotional valet, Passepartout, to win a bet. It

Robert Delaunay: …of paintings, cathedrals and the “Eiffel Tower,” which combined fragmented Cubist form with dynamic movement and vibrant colour. This new and individual use of pictorial rhythms and colour harmonies had an immediate appeal to the senses and, combined with poetic subject matter, distinguished him from the more orthodox Cubist painters.…

tour en l’air, (French: “turn in the air”), in ballet, a complete single, double, or triple turn in the air, usually beginning from and ending in the fifth position (the feet are turned out and pressed closely together, the heel of the right foot against the toe of the left and vice versa).

jeté: …in the air; and the jeté en tournant, or tour jeté (“flung turn”), in which the dancer executes a half-turn in the air away from the forward leg before landing on it.

William Combe: Syntax series, The Tour of Dr. Syntax: In Search of the Picturesque (1812), appeared originally in publisher Rudolph Ackermann’s Poetical Magazine in 1809–11. Ackermann published the first book and oversaw Combe and Rowlandson’s collaboration; as Combe later explained, Rowlandson made the drawings, and Combe then wrote poetry…

cycling: Modern sport racing: …three-week tours of Italy (the Giro d’Italia) and Spain (the Vuelta a España). Usually, the Giro is held in May and June, the Tour de France in July, the Vuelta in September, and the World Championships in October. Prizes in these races are substantial, amounting to $2.5 million in the…

Chris Froome: …British rider to win the Vuelta a España. He also was the first rider in nearly four decades to win that race and the Tour de France in the same year. However, he failed a drug test during the Vuelta a España after his urine was found to have had…

Washington Irving: …and produced in rapid succession A Tour of the Prairies (1835), Astoria (1836), and The Adventures of Captain Bonneville (1837). Except for four years (1842–46) as minister to Spain, Irving spent the remainder of his life at his home, “Sunnyside,” in Tarrytown, on the Hudson River, where he devoted himself…

Franklin J. Schaffner: In 1962 he directed A Tour of the White House, a TV documentary that featured Jacqueline Kennedy as the host; it received a Peabody Award. During that time he also directed (1960–61) Advise and Consent on Broadway.

English literature: Defoe: …sustained, for instance, the superb Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724–27). This is a vivid county-by-county review and celebration of the state of the nation, which combines an antiquarian’s enthusiasm with a passion for trade and commercial progress. He brought the same diversity of enthusiasms into play…

Isabelle de Charrière was a Swiss novelist whose work anticipated early 19th-century emancipated ideas. She married her brother’s Swiss tutor and settled at Colombier near Neuchâtel. Influenced by Denis Diderot and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, she expressed views critical of aristocratic privilege, moral

siren: …it by the French engineer Charles Cagniard de La Tour, who devised an acoustical instrument of the type in 1819. A disk with evenly spaced holes around its edge is rotated at high speed, interrupting at regular intervals a jet of air directed at the holes. The resulting regular pulsations…

Maurice-Quentin de La Tour was a pastelist whose animated and sharply characterized portraits made him one of the most successful and imitated portraitists of 18th-century France. Early in his youth La Tour went to Paris, where he entered the studio of the Flemish painter Jacques Spoede. He then

turaco, (order Musophagiformes), any of about 18 species in six genera of colourful, fruit-eating African birds. The green and iridescent turacos (Tauraco, Musophaga, and Corythaeola) are primarily residents of dense broad-leaved evergreen forest; the grayer forms (Crinifer), most of which are

Touraine, historical and cultural region encompassing the central French département of Indre-et-Loire and coextensive with the former province of Touraine. The historical province of Touraine was bounded northeast by Orléanais, southeast by Berry, southwest by Poitou, west by Anjou, and north by

Da Nang, city and province-level municipality, central Vietnam. Lying at the southern end of a horseshoe-shaped bay, it is one of the largest cities in Vietnam and the chief port of the central lowlands. Although partially enclosed on the northeast by the Annamese Cordillera (French: Chaîne

Abraham-Louis Breguet: …many precision watches, and the tourbillon, an improvement that rendered the escapement immune to errors caused by the changing position of the watch while being carried. Breguet succeeded Pierre-Louis Berthoud as the official chronometer maker to the French navy in 1815 and was admitted to the French Academy of Sciences…

Tourcoing, city, Nord département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France. It is just northeast of Lille and near the Belgian frontier. Sheep were grazed on this portion of the plain of Flanders long before the Romans came. There is record of consignment to Germany at the end of the 12th century.

Western music: Musical forms: and the basse danse and tourdion.

Sékou Touré was the first president of the Republic of Guinea (1958–84) and a leading African politician. Although his parents were poor and uneducated, Touré claimed to be the grandson of Samory, a military leader who resisted French rule at the end of the 19th century, long after many other

Amadou Toumani Touré was a Malian politician and military leader who twice led his country. He served as interim president (1991–92) after a coup and was elected president in 2002. In March 2012 he was deposed in a military coup. He officially resigned the next month. Touré studied to be a teacher

Samory was a Muslim reformer and military leader who founded a powerful kingdom in West Africa and resisted French colonial expansion in the late 19th century. In 1868 Samory, a member of the Mande group, proclaimed himself a religious chief and led a band of warriors in establishing a powerful

Sékou Touré was the first president of the Republic of Guinea (1958–84) and a leading African politician. Although his parents were poor and uneducated, Touré claimed to be the grandson of Samory, a military leader who resisted French rule at the end of the 19th century, long after many other

Tourette syndrome, rare inherited neurological disorder characterized by recurrent motor and phonic tics (involuntary muscle spasms and vocalizations). It is three times more prevalent in males than in females. Although the cause of Tourette syndrome is unknown, evidence suggests that there may be

Jim Crow law: Challenging the Separate Car Act: Martinet received the help of Albion W. Tourgée, a white lawyer, who had fought for the North, and served as a lawyer and judge in North Carolina.

Béarn: Tourin is a soup of onions, tomatoes, and garlic; cousinette is a soup whose ingredients include mallow, chard, sorrel, and chicory. Jurançon produces renowned white wines. Madiran is an outstanding red wine from Gers.

bicycle: Basic types: Touring bicycles offer a stable ride and often have triple chainwheels as well as racks that allow the rider to carry specially designed luggage (panniers). These bikes have lightweight frames, 14 to 27 speeds, narrow tires and saddles, and typically drop-style handlebars. They weigh from…

touring company, cast of actors assembled to bring a hit play to a succession of regional centres after the play has closed in a theatrical capital. It may include some members of the play’s original cast but seldom all of them. Though strolling players are as old as drama itself, the touring

Ludmilla Tourischeva is a Soviet gymnast who was European champion (1971 and 1973), world champion (1970 and 1974), and an Olympic medal winner (1968–76). Tourischeva graduated from the Rostov Pedagogical Institute in 1974. At the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, she won a gold medal as a team

Ludmilla Tourischeva is a Soviet gymnast who was European champion (1971 and 1973), world champion (1970 and 1974), and an Olympic medal winner (1968–76). Tourischeva graduated from the Rostov Pedagogical Institute in 1974. At the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, she won a gold medal as a team

tourism, the act and process of spending time away from home in pursuit of recreation, relaxation, and pleasure, while making use of the commercial provision of services. As such, tourism is a product of modern social arrangements, beginning in western Europe in the 17th century, although it has

motel, originally a hotel designed for persons travelling by automobile, with convenient parking space provided. Motels serve commercial and business travellers and persons attending conventions and meetings as well as vacationers and tourists. The automobile became the principal mode of travel by

Tourist Trophy races, best known and most demanding of the European motorcycle races. First run in 1907 on the Isle of Man off the northwestern coast of England, the race attracted many riders from all over England and the European continent. The race was originally intended for motorcycles

Angelina Jolie: Film roles: …Johnny Depp in the caper The Tourist. She later assumed the role of the titular villain in Maleficent (2014). The live-action film attempted to cast the evil fairy from the 1959 Disney animated classic Sleeping Beauty in a more sympathetic light. Jolie later starred in the sequel (2019). In 2020…

Greece: Resistance to Ottoman rule: …four centuries of the “Tourkokratia,” as the period of Ottoman rule in Greece is known, there was little hope that the Greeks would be able to free themselves by their own efforts. There were sporadic revolts, such as those that occurred on the mainland and on the islands of…

tourmaline, borosilicate mineral of complex and variable composition. Three types of tourmaline, distinguished by the predominance of certain elements, are usually recognized: iron tourmaline (schorl), black in colour; magnesium tourmaline (dravite), brown; and alkali tourmaline, which may be pink

tourmaline: …simple polarizing apparatus known as tourmaline tongs.

Nadar was a French writer, caricaturist, and photographer who is remembered primarily for his photographic portraits, which are considered to be among the best done in the 19th century. As a young man, he studied medicine in Lyon, France, but, when his father’s publishing house went bankrupt in

Tournai, municipality, Wallonia Region, southwestern Belgium. It lies along the Schelde (Scheldt, or Escaut) River, northwest of Mons. Tournai has changed hands many times. As Turnacum, it was important in Roman times. Seized by the Salic Franks in the 5th century, it was the birthplace of the

Tournai porcelain, porcelain made from about the mid-18th to the mid-19th century at a factory in Tournai, Belg. Several styles prevailed: figures in fanciful landscapes, cupids, and other decorative motifs were outlined in plain crimson on white, especially by the painter Henri-Joseph Duvivier

Tournaisian Stage, lowest and first of three intercontinental stages of the Mississippian Subsystem, Carboniferous System, encompassing all rocks deposited during the Tournaisian Age (358.9 million to 346.7 million years ago). The name is derived from exposures of fine-grained limestone with shaly

tournament: …early 20th century, the word tournament also came to be applied to certain methods of conducting sports competitions. In the most common modern tournament, the contestants are matched in pairs, with the losers in each test eliminated and the winners paired anew until only one remains as the champion of…

tournament, series of military exercises, probably of medieval French origin and confined to western Europe, in which knights fought one another to display their skill and courage. Tournaments had become more pageantry than combat by the end of the 16th century, and the term is still used somewhat

Duplicate Bridge, form of Contract Bridge played in all tournaments, in Bridge clubs, and often in the home; it is so called because each hand is played at least twice, although by different players, under the same conditions, with the same cards in each hand and the same dealer and vulnerability.

pageant: The Rose Bowl Parade in Pasadena, Calif., one of the most famous parades in the world, precedes the annual Rose Bowl college football game.

gastronomy: The great French chefs: Tournedos Rossini, the tender slices of the heart of the fillet of beef, topped by foie gras and truffles, was named after the celebrated Italian composer. Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi and French actress Sarah Bernhardt were among those who were similarly honoured. Many famous dishes…

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort was a French botanist and physician, a pioneer in systematic botany, whose system of plant classification represented a major advance in his day and remains, in some respects, valid to the present time. Tournefort’s interest in botany began early, but only after the

Paris: The Marais: …behind the Bastille, in the Hôtel des Tournelles, which Henry II had had enlarged and beautified by Philibert Delorme in 1550. Great nobles, such as the dukes of Guise and Lorraine, followed the king and had palaces built in the vicinity. When Henry II was killed in a joust on…

Cyril Tourneur was an English dramatist whose reputation rests largely upon The Atheist’s Tragedie, which is written in verse that is rich in macabre imagery. In 1625 Sir Edward Cecil appointed Tourneur secretary to the council of war. This appointment was canceled by the duke of Buckingham, but

Jacques Tourneur was a French American filmmaker of broad range known for horror, film noirs, and westerns. Tourneur was the son of one of French cinema’s preeminent directors, Maurice Tourneur, who made more than 90 pictures, more than half of them in the United States between 1914 and 1926.

Clarence Brown: Early life and work: …however, he observed French director Maurice Tourneur making a film in Fort Lee, New Jersey, and fell in love with motion pictures. Brown sold his car dealership and spent the next several years working with Tourneur as an assistant director and editor. He later remarked of Tourneur, “I owe him…

Voltaire: Achievements at Ferney of Voltaire: …by the Shakespearean translations of Pierre Le Tourneur in 1776, which stimulated French appreciation of this more robust, nonclassical dramatist, and dispatched an abusive Lettre à l’Académie. He never ceased to acknowledge a degree of genius in Shakespeare, yet spoke of him as “a drunken savage.” He returned to a…

tournament, series of military exercises, probably of medieval French origin and confined to western Europe, in which knights fought one another to display their skill and courage. Tournaments had become more pageantry than combat by the end of the 16th century, and the term is still used somewhat

tournament: …early 20th century, the word tournament also came to be applied to certain methods of conducting sports competitions. In the most common modern tournament, the contestants are matched in pairs, with the losers in each test eliminated and the winners paired anew until only one remains as the champion of…

circus: Philip Astley and the first circuses: …was that of the Frenchman Jacques Tourniaire, a first-rate equestrian who built a short-lived circus in St. Petersburg.) Hughes went on to introduce the term circus in 1782, when he opened what he called the Royal Circus a few hundred yards south of Astley’s amphitheatre.

Michel Tournier was a French novelist whose manipulation of mythology and old stories has often been called subversive insofar as it challenges the conventional assumptions of middle-class society. Tournier studied philosophy at the University of Tübingen in Germany from 1946 to 1950. His first

Michel Tournier was a French novelist whose manipulation of mythology and old stories has often been called subversive insofar as it challenges the conventional assumptions of middle-class society. Tournier studied philosophy at the University of Tübingen in Germany from 1946 to 1950. His first

battlefield medicine: …first-aid kit that includes a tourniquet that can be applied with one hand. (Though the use of tourniquets was previously considered undesirable, today the military regards them as lifesaving tools for severe limb wounds.) Also, pressure dressings have been issued that can clot severe bleeding within seconds of being applied.…

Marc Séguin, the Elder: Over the Rhône River at Tournon in 1824 the two brothers erected a bridge suspended from cables made of parallel wire strands, the first of a succession of such modern bridges all over the world. Séguin was also one of the first to suggest the solution to the problem of…

Charles Thomas Maillard de Tournon was a papal legate sent to the Chinese court to settle the rites controversy, which concerned the legitimacy of considering Confucianism an ethical system, not a religion—a position the Jesuits had taken in China so that Chinese Christians could continue to

bustle, item of feminine apparel for pushing out the back portion of a skirt. The bustle, or tournure, was notably fashionable in Europe and the United States for most of the 1870s and again in the 1880s. Padded cushions for accentuating the back of the hips represent one of several methods women

Newport: …Washington Square; Trinity Church (1725–26); Touro Synagogue (1763), the oldest in America, founded by Spanish and Portuguese Jews and designated a national historic site in 1946; the Redwood Library and Athenaeum (1747); and the Artillery Company of Newport (chartered 1741) Military Museum, with a notable collection of military uniforms. The…

Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck: Eleanor Touroff graduated from Barnard College in 1919 and entered the New York School of Social Work, from which she took a diploma in 1921. At Harvard, where she enrolled in the Graduate School of Education, she met Glueck. The two were married in 1922.…

Tours, city, capital of Indre-et-Loire département, Centre région, west-central France, on the Loire River. It is the chief tourist centre for the Loire valley and its historic châteaus. Early records show that the Turones, a pre-Roman Gallic people, settled on the right bank of the Loire River.

Battle of Tours, (October 732), victory won by Charles Martel, the de facto ruler of the Frankish kingdoms, over Muslim invaders from Spain. The battlefield cannot be exactly located, but it was fought somewhere between Tours and Poitiers, in what is now west-central France. The death of the

Romance languages: The language of religion and culture: …just before Charlemagne’s death, the Council of Tours decreed that sermons should be delivered in rusticam Romanam linguam (“in the rustic Roman language”) to make them intelligible to the congregation.

France: Recovery and reunification, 1429–83: The Truce of Tours (1444) provided for a marriage between Henry VI and the niece of Queen Mary of France; extensions of the truce gave Charles time to strengthen his military resources. War flared again in 1449, when England intervened against a duke of Brittany who…

stringed instrument: Lutes: …are actually bow-shaped, but the Tourte bow is made in a compound curve to which considerable tension can be applied, making it possible to apply much pressure to the strings. The bows of the two-stringed fiddles of China (such as the erhu and the jinghu) and Korea (haegŭm) pass between…

stringed instrument: Lutes: …the early 19th century by Franƈois Tourte, has a screw mechanism that cannot be changed while playing. Most bows are actually bow-shaped, but the Tourte bow is made in a compound curve to which considerable tension can be applied, making it possible to apply much pressure to the strings. The…

comic strip: Europe: …Bear (begun 1921), created by Mary Tourtel for the Daily Express. The text was fitted in below the balloonless pictures in order to facilitate reading aloud by adults.

tourtière, a double-crusted meat pie that is likely named for a shallow pie dish still used for cooking and serving tourtes (pies) in France. The ground or chopped filling usually includes pork and is sometimes mixed with other meats, including local game, such as rabbit, pheasant, or moose. It is

Anne-Hilarion de Cotentin, count de Tourville was a French admiral, the outstanding commander of the period when Louis XIV’s navy was on the point of winning world supremacy. Born into the old Norman nobility, Tourville learned seamanship on a Maltese frigate in the Mediterranean. He entered the

Toussaint Louverture was the leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution (1787–99). He emancipated the enslaved people and negotiated for the French colony on Hispaniola, Saint-Domingue (later Haiti), to be governed, briefly, by formerly enslaved people as a French

Toussaint Louverture was the leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution (1787–99). He emancipated the enslaved people and negotiated for the French colony on Hispaniola, Saint-Domingue (later Haiti), to be governed, briefly, by formerly enslaved people as a French

Toussaint Louverture was the leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution (1787–99). He emancipated the enslaved people and negotiated for the French colony on Hispaniola, Saint-Domingue (later Haiti), to be governed, briefly, by formerly enslaved people as a French

diplomatics: Post-Renaissance scholarship: …century later, René-Prosper Tassin and Charles-François Toustain published their six-volume Nouveau traité de diplomatique (1750–65; “New Treatise on Diplomatic”), a work that surpassed Mabillon’s only in its greater wealth of material. Another important event in the history of the science of diplomatics was the founding of the École des Chartes…

Thomas Frederick Tout was an English historian and teacher who specialized in medieval studies and, with James Tait, was a founder of the Manchester school of historiography, which stressed the importance of records and archives. Tout taught history at St. David’s College, Lampeter (1881–90), and

Teutates, important Celtic deity, one of three mentioned by the Roman poet Lucan in the 1st century ad, the other two being Esus (“Lord”) and Taranis (“Thunderer”). According to later commentators, victims sacrificed to Teutates were killed by being plunged headfirst into a vat filled with an

Claude Lelouch: For Toute une vie (1974; And Now My Love), he and Uytterhoeven received Oscar nominations for their original screenplay. Lelouch’s later notable movies included the musical Les Uns et les autres (1981; Bolero) and Les Misérables (1995), an adaptation of Victor Hugo’s classic novel. The latter won a Golden Globe…

Jean Petitot: …miniature portraits belongs to the Toutins, it was Petitot who raised the art to a level never surpassed. While relying primarily on original portraits by others, he was able to preserve to a remarkable degree the character of the work he was transforming into a small jewel-like roundel. The most…

Toutin, Jean was a French enamelworker who was one of the first artists to make enamel portrait miniatures. Although the art of enamelwork was hundreds of years old, Toutin developed a revolutionary new technique for enamel painting. He discovered that coloured enamels, when applied to a previously

history of Botswana: Eastern states and chiefdoms: …dominated by rulers living on Toutswe hill, between about the 7th and 13th centuries. The prosperity of the state was based on cattle herding, with large corrals in the capital town and in scores of smaller hilltop villages. (Ancient cattle corrals are identified by the peculiar grass growing on them.)…

Elimelech Of Lizhensk: Elimelech was a disciple of Ṭov Baer, one of the early Ḥasidic leaders, and after Baer’s death he settled in Lizhensk, which subsequently became an important Ḥasidic centre. Elimelech emphasized the importance of the leader (zaddik, meaning “righteous one”), who, he believed, is mediator between God and the people and…

Brassicales: The Resedaceae group: Tovariaceae contains one genus, Tovaria, and two species of annual herbs that grow in the Neotropics. The species have trifoliate leaves with stipules, terminal, racemose inflorescences, and flowers with parts in sixes to nines that have a short style and spreading stigma. The fruit is…

Anatole Litvak: The Hollywood years: …film for the studio was Tovarich (1937). The popular comedy starred Boyer and Claudette Colbert as Russian aristocrats who, during the Russian Revolution of 1917, flee to Paris, where they work as domestics while safeguarding the tsar’s fortune. Next came The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse (1938), an entertaining crime drama starring…

Sir Donald Francis Tovey was an English pianist and composer, known particularly for his works of musical scholarship. Tovey studied the piano and counterpoint and graduated from the University of Oxford in 1898. Between 1900 and 1902 he gave recitals of his works in London, Berlin, and Vienna. In

South Asian arts: Tovil dance: The Buddhists of Sri Lanka believe in supernatural beings and the healing power of magical rites. Their dancing for tovil (healing and purification ceremonies) is the expression, however, of pre-Buddhist beliefs.

man-made fibre: Solution spinning: …of emerging fibres, known as tow, can be spun at rates slow enough to make possible the use of a large spin bath and large washing rolls, drying rolls, and other processing equipment. Wet spinning is thus highly economical, the low spinning rates being compensated for by the large tows…

conveyor: Tow conveyors may be overhead trolley cars or floor conveyors adapted for handling dollies, trucks, and cars, which are locked into the towing chain to be moved from any point in the system to any other point.

rocket and missile system: Antitank and guided assault: …pending the development of the TOW (for tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided) missile. Because it was designed for greater range and hitting power, TOW was mounted primarily on vehicles and, particularly, on attack helicopters. Helicopter-fired antitank missiles were first used in combat when the U.S. Army deployed several TOW-equipped UH-1 “Hueys”…