gall, an abnormal, localized outgrowth or swelling of plant tissue caused by infection from bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes or irritation by insects and mites. See black knot; cedar-apple rust; clubroot; crown

tumour, a mass of abnormal tissue that arises without obvious cause from preexisting body cells, has no purposeful function, and is characterized by a tendency to independent and unrestrained growth. Tumours are quite different from inflammatory or other swellings because the cells in tumours are

cancer: Molecular evaluation: …Those substances are known as tumour markers. The type and level of a specific tumour marker can provide insight into whether treatment is working and whether a tumour has returned. In general, a rising level of a tumour marker in the blood indicates the regrowth of the tumour. Tumour markers…

blood disease: Leukemia: …the therapy was associated with tumour lysis syndrome (a sometimes severe metabolic disturbance caused by the dying off of massive numbers of cancer cells), it was hailed at the time of its report in 2011 as a major breakthrough in the treatment of leukemia.

cancer: Molecular evaluation: …Those substances are known as tumour markers. The type and level of a specific tumour marker can provide insight into whether treatment is working and whether a tumour has returned. In general, a rising level of a tumour marker in the blood indicates the regrowth of the tumour. Tumour markers…

tumour necrosis factor (TNF), a naturally occurring protein that is produced in the human body by the phagocytic cells known as macrophages. (The latter can engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances.) TNF is produced by macrophages when they encounter the poisonous

inflammatory bowel disease: …mutation of a gene called TNFSF15 (tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 15), which is involved in suppressing inflammation, has been identified as an ethnic-specific IBD susceptibility gene. In addition, variation of a gene called IL23R (interleukin 23 receptor), particularly in persons of northern European descent, has been associated with…

cancer registry, surveillance system that allows for the collection, storage, and analysis of information on cancer patients. A cancer registry is the chief means by which information is systematically collected about persons diagnosed with cancer. Depending on the resources available, the

tumour suppressor gene, any of a class of genes that are normally involved in regulating cell growth but that may become cancer-causing when damaged. Tumour suppressor genes encode for proteins that are involved in inhibiting the proliferation of cells, which is crucial to normal cell development

cancer: Tumour-associated antigens: Tumour-associated antigens on tumour cells are not qualitatively different in structure from antigens found on normal cells, but they are present in significantly greater amounts. Because of their abundance, they are often shed into the bloodstream. Elevated levels of those antigens can be used…

cancer: Tumour-specific antigens: Tumour-specific antigens represent fragments of novel peptides (small proteins) that are presented at the cell surface bound to the major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. In that form they are recognized by T lymphocytes (T cells) and eliminated. The novel peptides are derived from…

mesothelioma: Survival prediction and treatment: Tumour-treating field (TTF) therapy, in which an electric field is used to impair tumour cell division, may be given in combination with certain chemotherapeutic agents to combat malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Tumuc-Humac Mountains, mountain range that forms the Brazilian border with French Guiana and Suriname. An eastern extension of the Acarai Mountains, the range extends for about 180 miles (290 km) in an east-west direction and attains elevations of 2,800 feet (850 m). The range constitutes part of

Tumuc-Humac Mountains, mountain range that forms the Brazilian border with French Guiana and Suriname. An eastern extension of the Acarai Mountains, the range extends for about 180 miles (290 km) in an east-west direction and attains elevations of 2,800 feet (850 m). The range constitutes part of

Amapá: In 2002 Tumucumaque National Park—the world’s largest tropical forest park, with an area of about 15,000 square miles (39,000 square km)—was created. The park is part of the Amapá Biodiversity Corridor, a protected area that was established in 2003. The corridor covers more than 70 percent of…

Tumuc-Humac Mountains, mountain range that forms the Brazilian border with French Guiana and Suriname. An eastern extension of the Acarai Mountains, the range extends for about 180 miles (290 km) in an east-west direction and attains elevations of 2,800 feet (850 m). The range constitutes part of

barrow, in England, ancient burial place covered with a large mound of earth. In Scotland, Ireland, and Wales the equivalent term is cairn. Barrows were constructed in England from Neolithic (c. 4000 bc) until late pre-Christian (c. ad 600) times. Barrows of the Neolithic Period were long and

history of Europe: The chronology of the Metal Ages: … phases or into the Unetician, Tumulus, and Urnfield cultures. Synchronizations of the more detailed local subdivisions, which were based on typology of metal objects and cross-associations, have employed schemes of Paul Reinecke and Oscar Montelius. Oscar Montelius’ chronology was developed on the basis of Scandinavian bronze objects and resulted in…

Tumulus period, early period (c. ad 250–552) of tomb culture in Japan, characterized by large earthen keyhole-shaped burial mounds (kofun) surrounded by moats. The largest of the 71 known tumuli, 1,500 feet (457 m) long and 120 feet (36 m) high, lie in the Nara (Yamato) Basin of Nara prefecture.

Tumut, town, southeastern New South Wales, Australia. It lies along the Tumut River, at the northern approach to the Australian Alps. The river valley, explored in 1824 by Hamilton Hume and William Hovell, began to be settled four years later. The town was surveyed in 1848. Its name is derived from

Tumut River, river, south New South Wales, Australia. It rises on the northwestern slopes of the Snowy Mountains and flows 90 miles (145 km) to join the Murrumbidgee River, east of the town of Gundagai. The Tumut River is a major part of the Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Project. Its upper reaches

tardigrade: …suspended animation called the “tun” state—in which the body dries out and appears as a lifeless ball (or tun). In this state their metabolism may decline to as little as 0.01 percent of its normal rate. Tardigrades can survive as tuns for years, or even decades, to wait out…

chronology: Maya and Mexican: …by those years but by tuns (360 days) and their multiples of 20: katuns (20 tuns), baktuns (400 tuns), pictuns (8,000 tuns), calabtuns (160,000 tuns), and kinchiltuns (3,200,000). In practice, the last three were seldom used. The tun comprised 18 uinals, each of 20 kins (days), but these did not…

Hussein Onn, was a Malaysian politician and prime minister (1976–81) of a multiracial coalition government. During World War II Hussein fought with the Indian army and with the British forces that in 1945 freed Malaya from Japanese occupation. In 1946 he joined his politician father Onn Bin Jaafar

gastropod: Classification: …sand; includes helmet shells (Cassidae), tun shells (Doliidae), frog shells (Bursidae), triton shells (Cymatiidae), and fig shells (Ficidae); frog and triton shells often live in rocky areas; most species large in size. Suborder Neogastropoda (Stenoglossa) Carnivorous or scavengers with rachiglossate (with 3 denticles)

Dunhuang, city, western Gansu sheng (province), northwestern China. Situated in an oasis in the Gansu-Xinjiang desert region, it is at the far western limit of traditional Chinese settlement along the Silk Road across Central Asia. Dunhuang was the first trading town reached by foreign merchants

Inoue Yasushi: …other successes are the novel Tonkō (1959; Tun-huang), which re-created 11th-century China and centred on the Buddhist treasure troves hidden in the Tun-huang (Dunhuang) caves, as well as Hyōheki (1956; “Wall of Ice”), Futo (1963; Wind and Waves), and Saiiki monogatari (1969; Journey Beyond Samarkand). His short stories are collected…

tuna, (genus Thunnus), any of seven species of oceanic fishes, some very large, that constitute the genus Thunnus and are of great commercial value as food. They are related to mackerels and are placed with them in the family Scombridae (order Perciformes). Tunas vary considerably, both within and

Melanesian languages: …on Santa Isabel (Ysabel Island); Tolai, a widely used missionary language in New Britain and New Ireland; Yabêm and Graged, lingua francas of the Lutheran Mission in the Madang region of Papua New Guinea; and Mota, a widely used lingua franca and literary language of the Melanesian Mission in northern…

Bill Parcells is an American professional gridiron football coach and executive who coached the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL) to Super Bowl victories in 1987 and 1991. Parcells spent most of his childhood in New Jersey, where he acquired the nickname “Bill” from teachers who

spectroscopy: Lasers for RIS: …components of RIS methods are tunable lasers, which can be of either the pulsed or the continuous-wave variety. Pulsed lasers are more frequently used since they can add time resolution to a measurement system. In addition, pulsed lasers produce high peak power, permitting the efficient use of nonlinear optics to…

electronics: Oscillation: In a tunable oscillator, such as that required for a radio receiver, the parallel combination of an inductor and a capacitor is a tuned circuit: at one frequency, and only one, the inductive effects and the capacitive effects balance. At this frequency the voltage developed across the…

Ras al-Khaimah: …over the small islands of Greater and Lesser Ṭunb (Ṭunb al-Kubrā and Ṭunb al-Ṣughrā), in the gulf about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Ras al-Khaimah town; these islands had long been claimed by both Ras al-Khaimah and Iran. On November 30, 1971, Iranian troops landed on Greater Ṭunb and…

Ras al-Khaimah: …small islands of Greater and Lesser Ṭunb (Ṭunb al-Kubrā and Ṭunb al-Ṣughrā), in the gulf about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Ras al-Khaimah town; these islands had long been claimed by both Ras al-Khaimah and Iran. On November 30, 1971, Iranian troops landed on Greater Ṭunb and met armed…

Tunbridge Wells: The making of Tunbridge ware—i.e., tables, boxes, and toys made of such veneered hardwoods as beech, sycamore, and cherry—declined during the 20th century. The Tunbridge Wells Museum holds the largest collection of Tunbridge ware in the world. Area borough, 128 square miles (331 square km). Pop. (2001) town,…

Tunbridge Wells: town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Kent, southeastern England. It lies about 30 miles (48 km) southeast of London.

Tunbridge Wells, town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Kent, southeastern England. It lies about 30 miles (48 km) southeast of London. The borough encompasses a largely rural area in the southwestern part of Kent. The town of Royal Tunbridge Wells, now included in the

Kathmandu: To the east is Tundi Khel, the parade ground, in the centre of which is a stone platform surrounding a tree, from which important government pronouncements were formerly made first to the army. Between it and the city is a tall watchtower built by Bhim Sen Thapa, a former…

steel: Tundish, mold, and secondary zone: The key control parameter of continuous casting is matching the flow of liquid steel into the mold with the withdrawal speed of the strand out of the mold. The control of flow rates is accomplished by the tundish, a small,…

tundra, a major zone of treeless level or rolling ground found in cold regions, mostly north of the Arctic Circle (Arctic tundra) or above the timberline on high mountains (alpine tundra). Tundra is known for large stretches of bare ground and rock and for patchy mantles of low vegetation such as

tundra climate, major climate type of the Köppen classification characterized by sub-freezing mean annual temperatures, large annual temperature ranges (but not as large as in the adjacent continental subarctic climate), and moderately low precipitation. The tundra climate region occurs between 60°

birch: Major species: Bog birch (B. glandulosa) of North America, also called tundra dwarf birch or resin birch, and dwarf birch, or dwarf Arctic birch (B. nana), native to most far northern areas of the world, are small alpine and tundra shrubs commonly known as ground birch. Both…

glacial landform: Permafrost, patterned ground, solifluction deposits, and pingos: …to their sizes to produce patterned ground. Circular arrangements of the larger rocks are termed stone rings. When neighbouring stone rings coalesce, they form polygonal stone nets. On steeper slopes, stone rings and stone nets are often stretched into stone stripes by slow downhill motion of the soggy active layer…

reindeer: …are two varieties, or ecotypes: tundra reindeer and forest (or woodland) reindeer. Tundra reindeer migrate between tundra and forest in huge herds numbering up to half a million in an annual cycle covering as much as 5,000 km (3,000 miles). Forest reindeer are much less numerous.

whistling swan, (Cygnus columbianus), species of North American swan that calls with a soft musical note. It has a black bill, usually with a small yellow spot near the eye. It breeds in the Arctic tundra and winters in shallow fresh or salt water, especially along eastern and western U.S.

Paleo-Siberian languages: Yukaghir: …about equally into two enclaves: Tundra Yukaghir (also called Northern Yukaghir) in the Sakha republic (Yakutia), near the estuary of the Indigirka River; and Kolyma, or Forest, Yukaghir (also called Southern Yukaghir) along the bend of the Kolyma River. Extinct earlier dialects or languages related to Yukaghir are Omok and…

Bulgaria: Drainage: Arda, Tundzha, and Yantra. Overall, more than half of the runoff drains to the Black Sea, and the rest flows to the Aegean Sea.

tune family, in music, group of melodies interrelated by melodic correspondence, particularly in general melodic contour, important intervals, and prominent accented tones. There may be differences of rhythmic pattern, mode, and text among melodies within a group. Such groups of related melodies

Tune Stone, 5th-century monument bearing the most important Norwegian runic inscription, written vertically on two sides of the stone. Discovered in 1627 in southeastern Norway, it is now in Oslo. Authorities do not agree on the translation, but it is clear that WiwaR carved the runes in memory of

tuned circuit, any electrically conducting pathway containing both inductive and capacitive elements. If these elements are connected in series, the circuit presents low impedance to alternating current of the resonant frequency, which is determined by the values of the inductance and capacitance,

glass harmonica, musical instrument consisting of a set of graduated, tuned glass bowls sounded by the friction of wetted fingers on their rims. It was invented by Benjamin Franklin and was derived from the vérillon (musical glasses), a set of glasses, holding different amounts of water and thus

electromechanical transducer: Electromagnetic speakers: The tuned port or bass reflex enclosure achieves greater efficiency and extends the bass frequency range by carefully adjusting the shape and position of a hole or tube connecting the inside of the speaker box with the outside. The volume of the box thus acts as a type of…

Ernesto Sábato: The Outsider) won Sábato national and international notice. The protagonist of the novel is a typical existential antihero who is unable to communicate with anyone. Faced with the absurdity of the human condition, he withdraws from society. Sábato subsequently published nonfiction works such as Hombres…

television: Basic receiver circuits: The channel-switching mechanism (tuner) of the receiver connects this amplifier to one of several individual circuits, each circuit tuned to its respective channel. The amplifier magnifies the voltages of the incoming picture and sound carriers and their side bands in the desired channel by about 10 times, and…

Dong, an ethnic minority of China found in southeastern Guizhou province and in neighbouring Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi and Hunan province. According to most linguists the Dong speak a Kam-Sui language that is closely related to the Tai languages, and they call themselves Kam. The Dong

Dong Qichang was a Chinese painter, calligrapher, and theoretician who was one of the finest artists of the late Ming period. The most distinguished connoisseur of his day, Dong Qichang set forward ideas that have continued to influence Chinese aesthetic theory. Dong Qichang was born to a poor but

Tung Chee-hwa is a Chinese businessman and politician and, upon the completion of the handover of Hong Kong back to China on July 1, 1997, he became the first chief executive (1997–2005) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (S.A.R.) of China. Tung was the son of C.Y. Tung, founder of

Tung Chee-hwa is a Chinese businessman and politician and, upon the completion of the handover of Hong Kong back to China on July 1, 1997, he became the first chief executive (1997–2005) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (S.A.R.) of China. Tung was the son of C.Y. Tung, founder of

Tung Chee-hwa is a Chinese businessman and politician and, upon the completion of the handover of Hong Kong back to China on July 1, 1997, he became the first chief executive (1997–2005) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (S.A.R.) of China. Tung was the son of C.Y. Tung, founder of

Dong Jin, second phase of the Jin dynasty (265–420 ce), ruling China from 317 to 420 ce and forming one of the Six

Dong Zhuo was a general whose seizure of power and tyrannical rule ended the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) and divided the Chinese empire. In 190 ce Dong Zhuo burned Luoyang, the capital, and removed himself and the emperor to the ancient capital of Chang’an (now Xi’an). At his fief he built the

Dong Zhongshu was a scholar instrumental in establishing Confucianism in 136 bce as the state cult of China and as the basis of official political philosophy—a position it was to hold for 2,000 years. As a philosopher, Dong merged the Confucian and Yinyang schools of thought. As a chief minister to

East China Sea, arm of the Pacific Ocean bordering the East Asian mainland and extending northeastward from the South China Sea, to which it is connected by the shallow Taiwan Strait between Taiwan and mainland China. The East China Sea and the South China Sea together form the China Sea. The East

China: Dong (Eastern) Han: The Han house was restored by Liu Xiu, better known as Guangwudi, who reigned from 25 to 57 ce. His claim had been contested by another member of the Liu house—Liu Xuan, better known as Liu Gengshi—who had been actually enthroned for…

tung oil, pale-yellow, pungent drying oil obtained from the seeds of the tung tree. On long standing or on heating, tung oil polymerizes to a hard, waterproof gel that is highly resistant to acids and alkalies. It is used in quick-drying varnishes and paints, as a waterproofing agent, and in making

tung tree, (Aleurites fordii), small Asian tree of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), commercially valuable for tung oil (q.v.), which is extracted from its nutlike seeds. In the Orient tung oil was traditionally used for lighting, but it also has important modern industrial uses. The tung tree

tung tree, (Aleurites fordii), small Asian tree of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), commercially valuable for tung oil (q.v.), which is extracted from its nutlike seeds. In the Orient tung oil was traditionally used for lighting, but it also has important modern industrial uses. The tung tree

Dong, an ethnic minority of China found in southeastern Guizhou province and in neighbouring Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi and Hunan province. According to most linguists the Dong speak a Kam-Sui language that is closely related to the Tai languages, and they call themselves Kam. The Dong

Mongolian languages: …Monguor (Tu), Bao’an (Bonan), and Santa (Dongxiang) in the south—were isolated from the main body of Mongolian languages when the tide of Mongol conquest receded. These languages diverged from the main group of Mongolian dialects and to this day retain archaic features characteristic of Middle Mongolian that have been lost…

Manchu, people who lived for many centuries mainly in Manchuria (now Northeast) and adjacent areas of China and who in the 17th century conquered China and ruled for more than 250 years. The term Manchu dates from the 16th century, but it is certain that the Manchu are descended from a group of

Dong, an ethnic minority of China found in southeastern Guizhou province and in neighbouring Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi and Hunan province. According to most linguists the Dong speak a Kam-Sui language that is closely related to the Tai languages, and they call themselves Kam. The Dong

Donglin, party of Chinese scholars and officials who attempted to combat the moral laxity and intellectual weakness they felt was undermining public life during the last years of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The party was founded by Gu Xiancheng, a government official forced out of office because

Manchuria, historical region of northeastern China. Strictly speaking, it consists of the modern provinces (sheng) of Liaoning (south), Jilin (central), and Heilongjiang (north). Often, however, the northeastern portion of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region also is included. Manchuria is bounded

Northeast Plain, heart of the central lowland of northeastern China (Manchuria). It has a surface area of about 135,000 square miles (350,000 square km), all of which lies below 1,000 feet (300 metres) above sea level. The plain, largely the product of erosion from the surrounding highlands, is

Zhou Dunyi: In the longer treatise entitled Tongshu (“Explanatory Text”), Zhou’s restatement and reinterpretation of Confucian doctrines laid the basis for the ethics of later Neo-Confucianism. According to Zhou, the sage, or superior man, reacts to external phenomena according to the principles of propriety, humanity, righteousness, wisdom, faithfulness, and tranquillity. Zhou viewed…

Dongting Lake, large lake in northern Hunan province, south-central China. It lies in a basin to the south of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) and is connected to the Yangtze by four channels. Typically, some two-fifths of the river’s waters flow into the lake, the amount increasing during flood

Dai Zhen was a Chinese empirical philosopher, considered by many to have been the greatest thinker of the Qing period (1644–1911/12). Born to poor parents, Dai educated himself by reading borrowed books. Although he passed his preliminary civil service examinations, he never passed the highly

mamey apple: …used locally for destroying skin-infesting chigoe fleas, and the bitter resinous seeds are used as an antiworming agent.

Krishna River: …the Bhima (north) and the Tungabhadra (south). The latter has a dam at Hospet, completed in 1957, forming a reservoir and supplying hydroelectric power. Other hydroelectric installations along the river include those along the Telangana–Andhra Pradesh border at Srisailam and Nagarjuna Sagar.

India: Bahmanī consolidation of the Deccan: …concerned with control over the Tungabhadra-Krishna Doab. The doab had been an area of contention long before the foundation of either the Bahmanī kingdom or Vijayanagar. Claims and counterclaims of victory show that neither side gained effective and lasting control over the doab, and the struggle extended eventually into the…

tungara frog, (Physalaemus pustulosus), terrestrial, toadlike frog common in moist, lowland sites from Mexico to northern South America. The frog is cryptically coloured, its rough brown skin matching the leaf litter in which it lives. Although a mere 25–35 mm (1–1.4 inches) in length, this small

Thjórs River: …and its largest tributary, the Tungna (80 miles [129 km] long), carry away meltwater from Hofsjökull, Vatnajökull (Vatna Glacier), and several smaller glaciers while draining a basin of 2,907 square miles (7,530 square km), the lower third of which is part of the island’s most extensive farming region. Because of…

history of the Low Countries: The Roman period: …the Xanten district, and the Tungri to part of the area originally inhabited by the Eburones.

molybdate and tungstate minerals: tungstate minerals, naturally occurring inorganic compounds that are salts of molybdic acid, H2MoO4, and tungstic acid, H2WO4. Minerals in these groups often are valuable ores.

César Vallejo: …proletarian novel El tungsteno (1931; Tungsten), showing the brutal exploitation and degradation of Indian workers at a Peruvian tungsten mine. He returned to Paris in 1932, and he then spent two years in Spain during that nation’s civil war (1936–39). The Spanish Civil War inspired most of his last important…

tungsten (W), chemical element, an exceptionally strong refractory metal of Group 6 (VIb) of the periodic table, used in steels to increase hardness and strength and in lamp filaments. Tungsten metal was first isolated (1783) by the Spanish chemists and mineralogists Juan José and Fausto Elhuyar by

tungsten carbide, an important member of the class of inorganic compounds of carbon, used alone or with 6 to 20 percent of other metals to impart hardness to cast iron, cutting edges of saws and drills, and penetrating cores of armour-piercing projectiles. Tungsten carbide is a dense, metallike

tungsten processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Tungsten exhibits a body-centred cubic (bcc) crystal lattice. It has the highest melting point of all metals, 3,410° C (6,170° F), and it has high conductivity for electricity. Owing to this unique combination of properties,

halogen lamp, Incandescent lamp with a quartz bulb and a gas filling that includes a halogen. It gives brilliant light from a compact unit. The halogen combines with the tungsten evaporated from the hot filament to form a compound that is attracted back to the filament, thus extending the

molybdenite: …hexagonal symmetry as those of tungstenite (tungsten disulfide). Both have layered structures and similar physical properties; the chief difference is the higher specific gravity of tungstenite. For detailed physical properties, see sulfide mineral (table).

César Vallejo: …proletarian novel El tungsteno (1931; Tungsten), showing the brutal exploitation and degradation of Indian workers at a Peruvian tungsten mine. He returned to Paris in 1932, and he then spent two years in Spain during that nation’s civil war (1936–39). The Spanish Civil War inspired most of his last important…

African art: Lower Congo (Kongo) cultural area: One type of figure, called tungunlungu, representing the female ancestry of the tribe, is placed in front of the chief’s house.

Puruhá: …two local volcanoes, Chimborazo and Tungurahua, were their divine ancestors, and they offered human sacrifices to Chimborazo.

Evenk, the most numerous and widely scattered of the many small ethnic groups of northern Siberia (Asian Russia). The Evenk numbered about 70,000 in the early 21st century. A few thousand live in Mongolia, and the remainder are almost equally divided between Russia and China. They are separable

Evenk language, one of the largest members of the Manchu-Tungus language family within the Altaic language group. The language, which has more than 20 dialects, is spoken in China, Mongolia, and Russia. A literary form of the language, using the Latin alphabet, was created in the late 1920s, but

Arctic: Linguistic affiliations: …Yenisey River, languages of the Tungusic type predominate. These languages, each with several dialect divisions, are spoken by the Evenk and the Even. They represent the northern branch of the so-called Manchu-Tungus language group. Languages of this group share a common agglutinative structure with the Mongolian languages (which include Mongol,…

Manchu-Tungus languages, smallest of three families of the Altaic language group. The Manchu-Tungus languages are a group of 10 to 17 languages spoken by fewer than 70,000 people scattered across a vast region that stretches from northern China across Mongolia to the northern boundary of Russia.

Arctic: Linguistic affiliations: …Yenisey River, languages of the Tungusic type predominate. These languages, each with several dialect divisions, are spoken by the Evenk and the Even. They represent the northern branch of the so-called Manchu-Tungus language group. Languages of this group share a common agglutinative structure with the Mongolian languages (which include Mongol,…

Tunguska event, enormous explosion that is estimated to have occurred at 7:14 am plus or minus one minute on June 30, 1908, at an altitude of 5–10 km (15,000–30,000 feet), flattening some 2,000 square km (500,000 acres) and charring more than 100 square km of pine forest near the Podkamennaya

Tunguska River, either of two roughly parallel rivers of western Siberia, Russia, both tributaries of the Yenisey. Both rivers flow generally northwest, but the Podkamennaya Tunguska River turns west at about 62° N to join the Yenisey, whereas the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River continues its