tape lace, lace in which the pattern is made up of tape set in a background either of thread bars (brides) or net. Its quality depends much on whether the tape used lies flat and curves continuously (which can be achieved only by using bobbins) or is ready-woven, in which case it has to be gathered

sound recording: The audiotape: The recording head of the tape deck consists of a tiny C-shaped magnet with its gap adjacent to the moving tape. The incoming sound wave, having been converted by a microphone into an electrical signal, produces a time-varying magnetic field in the gap of the magnet. As…

sound recording: The audiotape: …heard by the listener as tape hiss. Because lower frequencies are more effective in magnetizing the tape, and because the random variation in magnetization is a microscopic effect, tape hiss is primarily a high-frequency phenomenon. Several systems have been designed to deal with this problem, the most prevalent of which…

tape lace, lace in which the pattern is made up of tape set in a background either of thread bars (brides) or net. Its quality depends much on whether the tape used lies flat and curves continuously (which can be achieved only by using bobbins) or is ready-woven, in which case it has to be gathered

materials science: Polymer-matrix composites: …processes fall into two categories, tape laying and filament winding. The tape-laying process involves the use of devices that control the placement of narrow prepreg tapes over tooling with the contours of the desired part and along paths prescribed by the design requirements of the structure. The width of the…

electronic instrument: The tape recorder as a musical tool: The next stage of development in electronic instruments dates from the discovery of magnetic tape recording techniques and their refinement after World War II. These techniques enable the composer to record any sounds whatever on tape and then to…

tape recorder, recording system that makes use of electromagnetic phenomena to record and reproduce sound waves. The tape consists of a plastic backing coated with a thin layer of tiny particles of magnetic powder. The recording head of the tape deck consists of a tiny C-shaped magnet with its gap

tape recording, method of magnetic sound recording using magnetic tape. See magnetic

magnetic recording: Magnetic tape devices. Magnetic tape provides a compact, economical means of preserving and reproducing varied forms of information. Recordings on tape can be played back immediately and are easily erased, permitting the tape to be reused many times without a loss in quality of recording.…

pin fastener: The taper pin provides a cheap, convenient method of fixing the hub of a gear or a pulley to a shaft. The pin is driven into a tapered hole that extends radially through the hub and shaft.

artillery: Antitank guns: …projectile’s velocity, and the “taper-bore” or “squeeze-bore” gun proved formidable. Guns with tapering calibres of 28/20, 41/29, and 75/55 millimetres were developed, but wartime shortages of tungsten led to their abandonment after 1942. In 1944 Britain perfected “discarding-sabot” projectiles, in which a tungsten core was supported in a conventional…

flywheel: …steel and designed as a tapered disk, thick at the centre and thin at the rim (see Figure B).

tapestry, woven decorative fabric, the design of which is built up in the course of weaving. Broadly, the name has been used for almost any heavy material, handwoven, machine woven, or even embroidered, used to cover furniture, walls, or floors or for the decoration of clothing. Since the 18th and

Carole King: Her album Tapestry, a collection of catchy melodies and engaging lyrics, held the number one spot on the Billboard album chart for 15 weeks; it remained a best seller for more than 300 weeks. Tapestry also earned King four Grammys; in addition to winning for album of…

tineid moth: …moth (Tinea pellionella), and the carpet, tapestry, or white-tip clothes moth (Trichophaga tapetzella). The larvae of the casemaking clothes moth use silk and fragments of food to construct a small, flat, oval case in which the larvae live and pupate. Clothes-moth larvae also attack synthetic or plant-fibre fabrics soiled with…

tapestry: Early Middle Ages in western Europe: The Tapestry of the Angels, showing scenes from the life of Abraham and St. Michael the Archangel, and the Tapestry of the Apostles, showing Christ surrounded by his 12 disciples, were both intended to be hung over the cathedral’s choir stalls and therefore are long and…

textile: Plain weave: Tapestry weave is a tabby in which a variety of coloured weft yarns is interlaced with the warp to form patterns. It is usually an unbalanced weave, with wefts completely covering a proportionately low number of warps. These cloths are sturdy and compact. Although they…

magnoliid clade: Reproduction and life cycles: The tapetum, the nutritive layer of cells that lines the inner wall of the pollen sac, is of the secretory, or glandular, type in the Magnoliales and other primitive members (see angiosperm: Reproductive structures). The tapetal cells remain intact but become absorbed as they supply nutrients…

primate: Classification: …have a reflective layer, the tapetum lucidum, behind the retina, which increases the amount of light for night vision, while haplorrhines have no tapetum but, instead, an area of enhanced vision, the fovea. This difference is consistent, even though not all strepsirrhines are nocturnal or all haplorrhines diurnal. Finally, the…

tapeworm, any member of the invertebrate class Cestoda (phylum Platyhelminthes), a group of parasitic flatworms containing about 5,000 species. Tapeworms, which occur worldwide and range in size from about 1 mm (0.04 inch) to more than 15 m (50 feet), are internal parasites, affecting certain

cestodiasis, infestation with cestodes, a group of flattened and tapelike hermaphroditic worms that are intestinal parasites in humans and other animals, producing larvae that may invade body tissues. For humans there are two kinds of tapeworm infestations: (1) intestinal cestodiasis, in which the

Oscar Straus: …composer known for his operetta The Chocolate Soldier.

leaf blister: …by fungi of the genus Taphrina. Peach leaf curl, caused by T. deformans, affects peaches, nectarines, and almonds and can cause agricultural losses. Red oaks are commonly afflicted with oak leaf

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Taphrinales Parasitic on plants, causing gall formation; naked asci; example genera include Taphrina and Protomyces. Class Neolectomycetes Parasitic or pathogenic on plants; some with large ascocarps; contains 1 order. Order Neolectales

fungus: Annotated classification: Class Taphrinomycetes Parasitic or pathogenic on plants; naked asci; contains 1 order. Order Taphrinales Parasitic on plants, causing gall formation; naked asci; example genera include Taphrina and Protomyces. Class Neolectomycetes

fungus: Annotated classification: Subphylum Taphrinomycotina Pathogenic on some plants; unicellular or filamentous; asci produced on the plant surface; ascocarp absent; contains 4 classes. Class Taphrinomycetes Parasitic or pathogenic on plants; naked asci; contains 1 order. Order Taphrinales Parasitic on plants,

geosyncline: …common of these are the taphrogeosyncline, a depressed block of the Earth’s crust that is bounded by one or more high-angle faults and that serves as a site of sediment accumulation, and the paraliageosyncline, a deep geosyncline that passes into coastal plains along continental margins.

Turkmenistan: Resources and power: …pipeline delivering natural gas from Turkmenistan to Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (known by the acronym TAPI) began in 2018.

Tapti River, river in central India, rising in the Gawilgarh Hills of the central Deccan plateau in south-central Madhya Pradesh state. It flows westward between two spurs of the Satpura Range, across the Jalgaon plateau region in Maharashtra state, and through the plain of Surat in Gujarat state

Rancho Cucamonga: …a land grant issued to Tiburcio Tapía (1839), who there established a winery (the oldest in the state and the second oldest in the United States). Rancho de Cucamonga was bought in 1858 by John Rains and his wife; their home, Casa de Rancho Cucamonga (built 1860), has been restored…

Antoni Tàpies was a Catalan artist, credited with introducing contemporary abstract painting into Spain. He began as a Surrealist but developed into an abstract artist under the influence of French painting and achieved an international reputation. In 1943 Tàpies began studying for a law degree at

Antoni Tàpies was a Catalan artist, credited with introducing contemporary abstract painting into Spain. He began as a Surrealist but developed into an abstract artist under the influence of French painting and achieved an international reputation. In 1943 Tàpies began studying for a law degree at

Tapinocephalus, extinct genus of therapsids, relatives of mammals, found as fossils in Permian rocks of South Africa (the Permian Period occurred from 299 million to 251 million years ago). The genus Tapinocephalus is representative of the Tapinocephaloidea, characterized by many herbivorous

ant: Notable ant behaviors: …herself to be dragged by Tapinoma ants into their nest. She then bites off the head of the Tapinoma queen and begins laying her own eggs, which are cared for by the “enslaved” Tapinoma workers. Workers of the slave-making ant Protomognathus americanus raid nests of Temnothorax ants, stealing the latter’s…

Tapio, the Finnish god of the forest and ruler of the game therein. He was a personified form of the various forest spirits important to hunters dependent on the forest for their livelihood. Tapio, the personified forest, was sometimes depicted as being the size of a fir tree, fierce-looking, like

tapioca, a preparation of cassava root starch used as a food, in bread or as a thickening agent in liquid foods, notably puddings but also soups and juicy pies. In processing, heat ruptures the starch grains, converting them to small irregular masses that are further baked into flake tapioca. A

tapir, (genus Tapirus), any of five species of hoofed mammals, the only extant members of the family Tapiridae (order Perissodactyla), found in tropical forests of Malaysia and the New World. Heavy-bodied and rather short-legged, tapirs are 1.3 to 2.5 metres (about 4 to 8 feet) long and reach about

South American forest Indian: Belief and aesthetic systems: …Xingu, the Karajá and the Tapirapé of the Araguáia River area, some Ge of central Brazil, and the Guaraní of southern Bolivia. The masks represent the spirits of plants, fish, and other animals, as well as mythical heroes and divinities. They are highly stylized in form but, on occasion, naturalistic…

tapir, (genus Tapirus), any of five species of hoofed mammals, the only extant members of the family Tapiridae (order Perissodactyla), found in tropical forests of Malaysia and the New World. Heavy-bodied and rather short-legged, tapirs are 1.3 to 2.5 metres (about 4 to 8 feet) long and reach about

perissodactyl: Tapirs: The Central American, or Baird’s, tapir (T. bairdii) is the largest of the American species. It is essentially Middle American, with a range extending from Mexico into coastal Ecuador, and it occupies undisturbed climax rainforest. It is shy and adjusts poorly to the disturbance caused by…

tapir: …brown, or gray, but the Malayan tapir (T. indicus) is strongly patterned, with black head, shoulders, and legs and white rump, back, and belly. The young of all tapirs are dark brown, streaked and spotted with yellowish white. A single young (rarely two) is produced after a gestation of about…

tapir: bairdii), the little black, or Kobomani, tapir (T. kabomani), and the South American lowland tapir (T. terrestris). This geographic distribution, with four species in Central and South America and one in Southeast Asia, is peculiar. Fossil remains from Europe, China, and North America show that tapirs were once widespread, but…

perissodactyl: Tapirs: The mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque), the smallest and most primitive, inhabits the temperate-zone forests and bordering grasslands of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador and in northern Peru, up to altitudes of nearly 4,600 metres (about 15,000 feet). Agricultural and pastoral expansion resulted in some decline…

perissodactyl: Tapirs: The mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque), the smallest and most primitive, inhabits the temperate-zone forests and bordering grasslands of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador and in northern Peru, up to altitudes of nearly 4,600 metres (about 15,000 feet). Agricultural and pastoral expansion resulted in some decline…

tapir: kabomani), and the South American lowland tapir (T. terrestris). This geographic distribution, with four species in Central and South America and one in Southeast Asia, is peculiar. Fossil remains from Europe, China, and North America show that tapirs were once widespread, but the extinction of intermediate forms has isolated the…

tapestry: 15th century: …famous for its production of tapis d’or, or “golden carpets,” so called because of the profuse use of gold threads. Examples such as The Triumph of Christ, popularly known as the Mazarin Tapestry (c. 1500), are characterized by their richness of effect.

Polonaise carpet, any of various handwoven floor coverings with pile of silk, made in Eṣfahān and other weaving centres of Persia in the late 16th and 17th centuries, at first for court use and then commercially. Because the first examples of this type to be exhibited publicly in Europe in the 19th

Trans-Arabian Pipeline, crude oil pipeline in southwestern Asia. It extended 1,069 miles (1,720 km) from Al-Dammām on the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia to Sidon, Lebanon, on the Mediterranean Sea. The pipeline was built by a subsidiary of the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco) and began

massage: …is easier; and percussion (tapotement), in which the sides of the hands are used to strike the surface of the skin in rapid succession to improve circulation. See also physical medicine and rehabilitation.

Tappa Ḥiṣār, Iranian archaeological site located near Dāmghān in northern Iran. Excavations made in 1931–32 by the University of Pennsylvania and in 1956 by the University of Tokyo demonstrated that the site was continuously inhabited from about 3900 to about 1900 bc. The long habitation sequence

Rockland: 7-km) Tappan Zee Bridge across the Hudson has linked Rockland and Westchester counties since the bridge’s completion in 1956, and in August 2017 the first span of its dramatic replacement—the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge—was opened.

Arthur Tappan was an American philanthropist who used much of his energy and his fortune in the struggle to end slavery. After a devoutly religious upbringing, Tappan moved to Boston at age 15 to enter the dry goods business. Six years later he launched his own firm in Portland, Maine, and then in

University of Michigan: Tappan (1852–63), who adopted European (especially German) academic models and fostered teaching education, and James Burrill Angell (1871–1909), Michigan became a leader in broadening higher education. It was the first American medical school to establish its own hospital and offered the first course in American…

Amistad mutiny: New England abolitionist Lewis Tappan stirred public sympathy for the African captives, while the U.S. government took the proslavery side. U.S. President Martin Van Buren ordered a Navy ship sent to Connecticut to return the Africans to Cuba immediately after the trial. A candidate for reelection that year,…

Tappa Ḥiṣār, Iranian archaeological site located near Dāmghān in northern Iran. Excavations made in 1931–32 by the University of Pennsylvania and in 1956 by the University of Tokyo demonstrated that the site was continuously inhabited from about 3900 to about 1900 bc. The long habitation sequence

dice: Cheating with dice: Loaded dice (called tappers, missouts, passers, floppers, cappers, or spot loaders, depending on how and where extra weight has been applied) may prove to be perfect cubes when measured with calipers, but extra weight just below the surface on some sides will make the opposite…

rubber: Tapping and coagulation: When the bark of the Hevea tree is partially cut through (tapped), a milky liquid exudes from the wound and dries to yield a rubbery film. The biological function of this latex is still obscure: it may help wound-healing by protecting the…

tap dance: Film: Paul Draper and Georgie Tapps were the first to popularize tap-dancing to classical music, and they performed at such glamorous nightclubs as Manhattan’s Rainbow Room. Throughout the Big Band era, tap dancers performed with well-known orchestras; Bunny Briggs, for example, danced with the bands of Duke Ellington, Earl…

cabaret: …had its roots in the taproom concerts given in city taverns during the 18th and 19th centuries. A popular form by the end of the 19th century, it was often called a music hall, although music hall usually meant variety entertainment in England.

taproot, main root of a primary root system, growing vertically downward. Most dicotyledonous plants (see cotyledon), such as dandelions, produce taproots, and some, such as the edible roots of carrots and beets, are specialized for food storage. Upon germination, the first structure to emerge from

12 Essential Brat Pack Flicks: Taps (1981): In his New York magazine article on “Hollywood’s Brat Pack,” Blum named this drama as the first Brat Pack movie. Taps features several young faces that would become very familiar to moviegoers in the 1980s and beyond: Sean Penn, Tom Cruise, Timothy Hutton,…

Tapti River, river in central India, rising in the Gawilgarh Hills of the central Deccan plateau in south-central Madhya Pradesh state. It flows westward between two spurs of the Satpura Range, across the Jalgaon plateau region in Maharashtra state, and through the plain of Surat in Gujarat state

taboo, the prohibition of an action based on the belief that such behaviour is either too sacred and consecrated or too dangerous and accursed for ordinary individuals to undertake. The term taboo is of Polynesian origin and was first noted by Captain James Cook during his visit to Tonga in 1771;

ancient Iran: Art and literature: It is known as the Ṭāq Kisrā and is notable for its great barrel vault in baked brick, a typically Sāsānian architectonic device. Many Sāsānian buildings can also be seen in Fārs, where the characteristic construction is of limestone blocks embedded in strong mortar. The most important of these are…

polymerase chain reaction: …a heat-stable DNA polymerase called Taq, an enzyme isolated from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus, which inhabits hot springs. Taq polymerase also led to the invention of the PCR machine.

Ṭāq-e Bostān, village in western Iran, just northeast of Kermānshāh city. It is known for its rock carvings (bas-reliefs) of Sāsānid origin (3rd to 7th century ad). The carvings, some of the finest and best-preserved examples of Persian sculpture under the Sāsānians, include representations of the

Ṭāq-e Bostān, village in western Iran, just northeast of Kermānshāh city. It is known for its rock carvings (bas-reliefs) of Sāsānid origin (3rd to 7th century ad). The carvings, some of the finest and best-preserved examples of Persian sculpture under the Sāsānians, include representations of the

taqsīm , one of the principal instrumental genres of Arabic and Turkish classical music. A taqsīm is ordinarily improvised and consists of several sections; it is usually (though not always) nonmetric. A taqsīm may be a movement of a suite, such as the North African nauba or the Turkish fasil, but

Ibn Taymiyyah was one of Islam’s most forceful theologians, who, as a member of the Ḥanbalī school founded by Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, sought the return of the Islamic religion to its sources: the Qurʾān and the Sunnah, revealed writing and the prophetic tradition. He is also the source of the

Mīrzā Taqī Khān was the prime minister of Iran in 1848–51, who initiated reforms that marked the effective beginning of the Westernization of his country. At an early age Mīrzā Taqī learned to read and write despite his humble origins. He joined the provincial bureaucracy as a scribe and, by his

taqiyyah, in Islam, the practice of concealing one’s belief and foregoing ordinary religious duties when under threat of death or injury. Derived from the Arabic word waqa (“to shield oneself”), taqiyyah defies easy translation. English renderings such as “precautionary dissimulation” or “prudent

taqiyyah, in Islam, the practice of concealing one’s belief and foregoing ordinary religious duties when under threat of death or injury. Derived from the Arabic word waqa (“to shield oneself”), taqiyyah defies easy translation. English renderings such as “precautionary dissimulation” or “prudent

ancient Iran: Rise of Ardashīr I: …proposed by the Iranian scholar Sayyid Hasan Taqizadeh, who preferred a sequence by which the same events are placed about six months later than the dates established by Nöldeke. Since the dating systems employed by the Sāsānians themselves were based on the regnal years of the individual kings, whose exact…

taqlīd, in Islamic law, the unquestioning acceptance of the legal decisions of another without knowing the basis of those decisions. There is a wide range of opinion about taqlīd among different groups or schools of Muslims. The Andalusian jurist Ibn Ḥazm (died 1064) argued that any jurist who

taqlīd, in Islamic law, the unquestioning acceptance of the legal decisions of another without knowing the basis of those decisions. There is a wide range of opinion about taqlīd among different groups or schools of Muslims. The Andalusian jurist Ibn Ḥazm (died 1064) argued that any jurist who

Gershom ben Judah: …series of legal enactments (taqqanot) that profoundly molded the social institutions of medieval European Jewry.

Gershom ben Judah: …series of legal enactments (taqqanot) that profoundly molded the social institutions of medieval European Jewry.

taqsīm , one of the principal instrumental genres of Arabic and Turkish classical music. A taqsīm is ordinarily improvised and consists of several sections; it is usually (though not always) nonmetric. A taqsīm may be a movement of a suite, such as the North African nauba or the Turkish fasil, but

Taquari River, river rising in south-central Mato Grosso do Sul estado (state), Brazil, near Alto Araguaia, and flowing in a southwesterly direction for approximately 350 miles (560 km). It crosses the Paraguay floodplain to join the Paraguay River east of Corumbá. In its headstreams diamond

Taquari River, river rising in south-central Mato Grosso do Sul estado (state), Brazil, near Alto Araguaia, and flowing in a southwesterly direction for approximately 350 miles (560 km). It crosses the Paraguay floodplain to join the Paraguay River east of Corumbá. In its headstreams diamond

Abū al-Fidāʾ: …to 1329; and a geography, Taqwīm al-buldān (1321; “Locating the Lands”). Both works were compilations of other authors, arranged and added to by Abū al-Fidāʾ, rather than original treatises. Popular in their day in the Middle East, they were much used by 18th- and 19th-century European Orientalists before earlier sources…

wood tar, liquid obtained as one of the products of the carbonization, or destructive distillation, of wood. There are two types: hardwood tars, derived from such woods as oak and beech; and resinous tars, derived from pine wood, particularly from resinous stumps and roots. Crude wood tar may be

coal tar, principal liquid product resulting from the carbonization of coal, i.e., the heating of coal in the absence of air, at temperatures ranging from about 900 to 1,200 °C (1,650 to 2,200 °F). Many commercially important compounds are derived from coal tar. Low-temperature tars result when

Cate Blanchett: Hepburn, Dylan, and Academy Awards: …acclaim for her performance in Tár (2022), a character study about a trailblazing conductor whose career is derailed by allegations of sexual misconduct. In addition to winning a Golden Globe, she also earned her eighth Oscar nomination.

C.K. Williams: Later works include Tar (1983), Flesh and Blood (1987), A Dream of Mind (1992), and The Vigil (1997). Following a series of brief interludes at various universities, Williams began teaching creative writing at Princeton University in 1996.

Islamic arts: Percussion instruments: …for folk dances; and the dāʾirah, or ṭar, with jingling plates or rings set in the frame. The dāʾirah and the vase-shaped drum darabukka (in Iran, z̄arb) are used in folk and art music, and the small kettledrums naqqārah and nuqayrat are used in art music and in military music…

tar, (Iranian: “string”), long-necked lute descended from the tanbur of Sāsānian Iran and known in a variety of forms throughout the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. Its name traditionally signified the number of strings employed—e.g., dutār (“two-strings”), setār (“three-strings”), and

coal tar: Tar acids, phenolic compounds that react with caustic soda to form water-soluble salts, are extracted from coal tar after it has been distilled.

Toni Morrison: Tar Baby (1981), set on a Caribbean island, explores conflicts of race, class, and sex.

coal tar: Tar bases are the alkaline constituents of distillate oils, remaining after tar acids have been removed. One of the bases that is recovered is pyridine, a colourless nitrogenous liquid that has a pungent odour and produces derivatives that are of pharmaceutical value. Pitch is the…

Faith Ringgold: … (1984), Sonny’s Quilt (1986), and Tar Beach (1988), the latter of which Ringgold adapted into a children’s book (1991) that was named a Caldecott Honor Book in 1992. It tells the story of a young Black girl in New York City who dreams about flying. Ringgold’s later books for children…

North Carolina, constituent state of the United States of America. One of the 13 original states, it lies on the Atlantic coast midway between New York and Florida and is bounded to the north by Virginia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by South Carolina and Georgia, and to the west

Tar River, river rising in northeastern North Carolina, U.S., east of Roxboro. It flows generally southeast into a wide estuary, the Pamlico River, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean via Pamlico Sound after a course of about 215 miles (346

tar sand, deposit of loose sand or partially consolidated sandstone that is saturated with highly viscous bitumen. Oil recovered from tar sands is commonly referred to as synthetic crude and is a potentially significant form of fossil fuel. A brief treatment of tar sands follows. For full

Tar-Baby, sticky tar doll, the central figure in black American folktales popularized in written literature by the American author Joel Chandler Harris. Harris’ “Tar-Baby” (1879), one of the animal tales told by the character Uncle Remus, is but one example of numerous African-derived tales

Tara, (Irish: “Place of Assembly”), low hill (about 507 feet [154 m]) in County Meath, Ireland, occupying an important place in Irish legend and history. The earliest local remains consist of a small passage grave (c. 2100 bc) known as Dumha na nGiall (“Mound of the Hostages”). Numerous Bronze Age

Tara, Buddhist saviour-goddess with numerous forms, widely popular in Nepal, Tibet, and Mongolia. She is the feminine counterpart of the bodhisattva (“buddha-to-be”) Avalokiteshvara. According to popular belief, she came into existence from a tear of Avalokiteshvara, which fell to the ground and

cod: …northwestern Pacific Ocean, is called tara; it is fished both for food and for cod-liver oil. Smaller than the Atlantic cod, it grows to a maximum of about 75 cm (30 inches) long and is mottled brownish with a white lateral line.

tannin: Tara, the pod from Caesalpinia spinosa, a plant indigenous to Peru, contains a gallotannin similar to that from galls and has become an important source for refined tannin and gallic acid. The European chestnut tree (principally Castanea sativa) and the American chestnut oak (Q. montana)…

Tara brooch, fine example of a Celtic ring brooch, found on the seashore at Bettystown, south of Drogheda, and now preserved in the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin. The Tara brooch, probably dating from the 8th century, is of white bronze and consists of a large circle with about half of the