Very Large Telescope (VLT), observatory located on the mountain Cerro Paranal (2,635 metres [8,645 feet]) in Chile and consisting of four telescopes with mirrors 8.2 metres (27 feet) in diameter and four others with mirrors 1.8 metres (5.9 feet) in diameter. These telescopes can operate

computer science: Algorithms and complexity: Similarly, in very-large-scale integration (VLSI) chip design it is important to know whether the graph representing a circuit is planar, that is, whether it can be drawn in two dimensions without any links crossing (wires touching).

radio telescope: Radio telescope arrays: The Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) consists of ten 25-metre (82-foot) dishes spread across the United States from the Virgin Islands to Hawaii. The VLBA operates at wavelengths from 3 mm (0.1 inch) to 1 metre (3 feet) and is used to study quasars, galactic nuclei,…

radio telescope: Very long baseline interferometry: In conventional interferometers and arrays, coaxial cable, waveguide, or even fibre-optic links are used to distribute a common local-oscillator reference signal to each antenna and also to return the received signal from an individual antenna to a central laboratory where it…

Marion Cotillard: …Long Dimanche de fiançailles (2004; A Very Long Engagement). While that film and the Taxi series cemented Cotillard’s star status in her own country, she became known to American audiences with her turn in American director Tim Burton’s Big Fish (2003), in which she had a small but memorable role.…

telecommunications media: The radio-frequency spectrum: …from very low frequency (VLF), starting at 3 kilohertz, and extending to extremely high frequency (EHF), ending at 300 gigahertz.

George Saunders: …also wrote the children’s book The Very Persistent Gappers of Frip, illustrated by Lane Smith, which was published in 2000. His novella The Brief and Frightening Reign of Phil was released in 2005. The Braindead Megaphone (2007) is a book of essays. The environmentalist fable Fox 8 was first published…

Brigitte Bardot: …privée (1962; “The Private Life,” A Very Private Affair), Le Mépris (1963; Contempt), Viva Maria! (1965), Dear Brigitte (1965), and Masculin-Féminin (1966; Masculine Feminine). With her career waning, Bardot appeared in her final films in 1973 and subsequently retired.

Michael Frayn: … (1965), The Russian Interpreter (1966), A Very Private Life (1968), The Trick of It (1989), Now You Know (1992), Headlong (1999), Spies (2002), and Skios (2012). My Father’s Fortune (2010) was a memoir.

telecommunications media: Satellite links: In the very small aperture terminal (VSAT) network, used mainly for commercial data communication, GEO satellites serve as the central relay between a terrestrial hub and a wide-area network of small and inexpensive terrestrial transceivers with dish antennas as small as 40 cm (16 inches) in diameter.…

The Great American Songbook: …as songwriter Ray Noble’s “The Very Thought of You” and songwriter Arthur Hamilton’s “Cry Me a River.” Others evoke nostalgia, joy, celebration, optimism in hard times, and a multitude of other human experiences and stories.

Jones Very was an American Transcendentalist poet and Christian mystic. Very was born into a seafaring family. In his youth he sailed with his father, a master seaman, visiting such distant places as Russia and New Orleans. Very was educated at Harvard College and Harvard Divinity School (1834–38).

VHF, conventionally defined portion of the electromagnetic spectrum including any radiation with a wavelength between 1 and 10 metres and a frequency between 300 and 30 megahertz. VHF signals are widely employed for television and radio transmissions. In the United States and Canada, television

radio range: (VOR) has been developed in various forms since about 1930. It transmits two signals simultaneously in all directions. Operating in the very high frequency (VHF) range, it is less subject than the lower-frequency radio range to disturbances by day-night alternation, weather, and other causes. The…

metabolic disease: Peroxisomal disorders: …role in the catabolism of very-long-chain fatty acids and other compounds through the process of beta-oxidation. They also are critical in the biosynthesis of important cellular membrane constituents (plasmalogens), cholesterol, and bile acids. Unlike mitochondria, peroxisomes do not contain DNA, therefore all of the components of their enzyme systems and…

therapeutics: Obesity: …of these diets is the very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) that results in rapid fat loss while minimizing the loss of lean muscle tissue. These diets require supplementation with potassium and a vitamin-mineral complex. Fad diets that eliminate one foodstuff, such as carbohydrate or protein, may give short-term results but fail in…

lipid: Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL): VLDL is a lipoprotein class synthesized by the liver that is analogous to the chylomicrons secreted by the intestine. Its purpose is also to deliver triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and cholesterol to peripheral tissues. VLDL is largely depleted of its triglyceride content…

Lodewijk van Deyssel: …critical writings were published as Verzamelde opstellen, 11 vol. (1894–1911; “Collected Essays”). He began writing as an admirer of Émile Zola and published a naturalistic novel, Een liefde (1887; “A Love Affair”). Later he abandoned naturalism and wrote highly personal impressionistic prose and clever, somewhat overwrought “prose-verses.” A sensitive artist…

The Spell, allegorical novel by Hermann Broch, published posthumously in 1953 as Der Versucher. It was the only completed volume of a projected trilogy to have been called Bergroman (“Mountain Novel”). The author wrote it in the mid-1930s and then, dissatisfied, completely rewrote it twice more; by

façon de Venise: …de Venise; a Venetian émigré, Jacopo Verzelini (1522–1606), produced it in London from 1573 and was granted a royal privilege for glassmaking in 1575. He had been preceded by eight Venetian workers who had established themselves in London in 1545. At Antwerp, Venetian influence was strong and the glass industry…

Netherlands: Religion: …separation of society into “pillars” (zuilen) identified with the different Dutch religions. Calvinist Protestantism became the officially recognized religion of the country, politically favoured and economically supported by government. But the Reformed preachers were thwarted in their efforts to oppress or drive out other religions, to which a far-reaching…

Tarjei Vesaas was a Norwegian novelist and short-story writer whose symbolic and allegorical narratives won him much recognition in Norway and other European countries. A writer since 1923, Vesaas first experienced significant success with his two novels about life on a Norwegian farm, Det store

Vesak, a festival of utmost significance in Buddhism, particularly in Theravada Buddhism, that commemorates the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha. The holiday is observed on the full-moon day of the lunar month Vesakha, the fourth month of the lunar calendar, which falls in April, May,

Vesak, a festival of utmost significance in Buddhism, particularly in Theravada Buddhism, that commemorates the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha. The holiday is observed on the full-moon day of the lunar month Vesakha, the fourth month of the lunar calendar, which falls in April, May,

Vaishali, city of ancient India, north of Patna, northwestern Bihar state, on the Gandak River. In antiquity Vaishali was the capital of the Licchavi republic and was closely associated with the early histories of both Buddhism and Jainism. Roads connected it with Rajagriha to the south and

Andreas Vesalius was a Renaissance physician who revolutionized the study of biology and the practice of medicine by his careful description of the anatomy of the human body. Basing his observations on dissections he made himself, he wrote and illustrated the first comprehensive textbook of

Biskra, town, northeastern Algeria, on the northern edge of the Sahara. It is the centre of the Zab (Ziban) group of oases south of a wide, open depression between the Aurès Massif and the Tell Atlas Mountains. On the site of Vescera, a fortified Roman post, Biskra prospered after Arab conquest in

Robert L. Vesco was an American financier, once considered the boy wonder of international finance, who later became a fugitive from U.S. and other legal authorities. He was a key figure in several American financial and political scandals of the early 1970s. The son of a Detroit autoworker, Vesco

Robert L. Vesco was an American financier, once considered the boy wonder of international finance, who later became a fugitive from U.S. and other legal authorities. He was a key figure in several American financial and political scandals of the early 1970s. The son of a Detroit autoworker, Vesco

Denmark Vesey was a self-educated Black man who planned the most extensive slave rebellion in U.S. history (Charleston, 1822). In 1781, while still a boy, Denmark was sold to a Bermuda slaver captain named Joseph Vesey and assumed the latter’s surname. He accompanied the captain on numerous

Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of Wellington: Years as prime minister: …by-election in Clare, Ireland, where William Vesey-Fitzgerald, Huskisson’s ministerial successor, defending his seat, was defeated by Daniel O’Connell, the Irish Catholic leader. The defeat of Vesey-Fitzgerald, a popular pro-Catholic, carried an alarming moral for the duke: until Emancipation was granted, no Tory would win in southern Ireland. There might well…

Torrents of Spring, novella by Ivan Turgenev, published in Russian as Veshniye vody in 1872. The book has also been translated as Spring Torrents and Spring Freshets. Cast as a reminiscence, the work concerns the reflections of the middle-aged and world-weary Sanin on his youthful romance with

renal system: Blood and nerve supplies: The superior vesical artery supplies the dome of the bladder, and one of its branches (in males) gives off the artery to the ductus deferens, a part of the passageway for sperm. The middle vesical artery supplies the base of the bladder. The inferior vesical artery supplies…

schistosomiasis: Types and process of infection: (3) Vesical, or urinary, schistosomiasis is caused by S. haematobium, found throughout Africa and the Middle East.

igneous rock: Small-scale structural features: Such openings are called vesicles, and the rocks in which they occur are said to be vesicular. Where the openings lie close together and form a large part of the containing rock, they impart to it a slaglike, or scoriaceous, structure. Their relative abundance is even greater in the…

Golgi apparatus: and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations. It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus. While many types of cells contain only one or several Golgi apparatus, plant cells can contain hundreds.

blister: Blisters are classified as vesicles if they are 0.5 cm (0.2 inch) or less in diameter and as bullae if they are larger. Blisters can commonly result from pressure and friction on sites such as the palms or soles; they are produced when friction causes an upper skin layer…

vesicular exanthema of swine, viral disease of swine causing eruption of painful blisters on feet and snout. Blisters emerge 24 to 72 hours after exposure and are accompanied by fever, which lasts 24 to 36 hours and may occur again after two or three days. The signs resemble those of foot-and-mouth

athlete’s foot: Symptoms: In vesicular infections, the raised, erythematous leading edge of the rash contains vesicles (small fluid-filled blisters) or bullae (large fluid-filled blisters), which are a sign of acute inflammation. The presence of pus indicates secondary bacterial infection.

vesicular stomatitis, viral disease causing blisters in the mouths of cattle, horses, and mules and on the snouts and feet of swine. Horses and cattle with vesicular stomatitis become feverish two to five days after exposure. After the blisters break, the fever subsides, and the animal usually

virus: Disease: …infected cell is the negative-strand vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) of the family Rhabdoviridae; viral RNA newly synthesized by infectious VSV rapidly shuts off cellular RNA synthesis and, to a somewhat lesser extent, cellular protein synthesis. In both poliovirus and VSV, the infected cell dies within hours of the inhibition of…

Golgi apparatus: Models of protein movement: The vesicular transport model, for example, stems from initial studies that identified vesicles in association with the Golgi apparatus. This model is based on the idea that vesicles bud off and fuse to cisternae membranes, thus moving molecules from one cisterna to the next; budding vesicles…

vesiculitis, inflammation and infection of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive tract. The seminal vesicles are ductlike glands that add fluid secretions to the seminal fluid as it passes from the body during intercourse. Infections present in the prostate or related organs usually involve

virus: Annotated classification: Genera that infect animals are Vesiculovirus, which includes the virus that causes vesicular stomatitis in cattle, swine, and equines, and Lyssavirus, which includes the causative agent of rabies. Family Filoviridae Enveloped virions, variably elongated filaments 650–1,400 nm in length and pleomorphic

calicivirus: contains four genera: Lagovirus, Vesivirus, Sapovirus, and Norovirus (Norwalk-like viruses). Type species of this family include Vesicular exanthema of swine virus, Norwalk virus, and Sapporo virus. Species of Norovirus frequently give rise to outbreaks of foodborne and waterborne gastroenteritis in humans.

Vesnin brothers, architectural partnership of three brothers who individually and as a team contributed significantly to the development of Russian and Soviet architecture. The brothers were Leonid Aleksandrovich Vesnin (b. Nov. 28 [Dec. 10, New Style], 1880, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia—d. Oct. 8,

Vesnin brothers: …the youngest of the brothers, Aleksandr, had begun to head up their collaboration, and it was Aleksandr who became known as the founder and (in French architect Le Corbusier’s description) “spiritual father of Russian Constructivism.”

Vesnin brothers: Leonid, the oldest of the brothers, attended the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1900–09), while the other two brothers graduated from a construction school later reorganized as the Moscow Practical Construction Institute and the St. Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineers (1901–12). Their collaborative and…

Vesnin brothers: The middle brother, Viktor, besides his collaboration with his brothers, is primarily known as the designer of industrial structures, the most important of which was the Dnieper River’s first hydroelectric power station (1927–32).

Vesoul, town, capital of Haute-Saône département, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté région, eastern France. It lies between the isolated conical hill La Motte (1,263 feet [384 metres]) and the Durgeon River. The hill is crowned by a votive chapel and a statue of the Virgin Mary. Vesoul is of ancient origin,

hornet, (genus Vespa), genus of about 20 species of the wasps (order Hymenoptera), most of which are native to Eurasia. Hornets are large social insects that tend to be black or brown with yellow or yellowish markings. Due to their size, hornets have a reputation for being more dangerous than other

Italy: Industrial growth: …machines, inexpensive motor scooters (the Vespa and the Lambretta), and cars (from economical Fiats to luxury makes such as Maserati, Lamborghini, and Alfa Romeo). Italian firms became famous for their combination of elegant design and inexpensive production techniques. An extraordinary network of superhighways was constructed across Italy. The country was…

northern giant hornet, (Vespa mandarinia), species of social hornet (order Hymenoptera), the largest known wasp species in the world. Native to subtropical and temperate mountainous regions of Asia, including northern India, the Korean peninsula, and Japan, the northern giant hornet was introduced

Vespasian was a Roman emperor (ad 69–79) who, though of humble birth, became the founder of the Flavian dynasty after the civil wars that followed Nero’s death in 68. His fiscal reforms and consolidation of the empire generated political stability and a vast Roman building program. Vespasian was

biblical literature: Old English versions: The Vespasian Psalter is the outstanding surviving example of that technique from the 9th century. In the next century the Lindisfarne Gospels, written in Latin circa 700, were glossed in Old English circa 950.

Titus was a Roman emperor (79–81), and the conqueror of Jerusalem in 70. After service in Britain and Germany, Titus commanded a legion under his father, Vespasian, in Judaea (67). Following the emperor Nero’s death in June 68, Titus was energetic in promoting his father’s candidacy for the

Hesperus, in Greco-Roman mythology, the evening star; although initially considered to be the son of Eos (the Dawn) and the Titan Astraeus, he was later said to be the son or brother of Atlas. He was later identified with the morning star, Phosphorus, or Eosphorus (Latin: Lucifer), the bringer of

vesper bat, (family Vespertilionidae), large family of bats numbering more than 400 species. They are found worldwide in both tropical and temperate regions, their habitats ranging from tropical forest to desert. Vesper bats have small eyes and well-developed tails. Most species have long wings,

The Way International, Christian evangelical group founded in 1942 as Vesper Chimes, a radio ministry broadcast from Lima, Ohio, by Victor Paul Wierwille (1916–85). Its current headquarters are in New Knoxville, Ohio; estimates of its membership range from 3,000 to 20,000. As a minister in the

sparrow: …sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) and the vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), finely streaked birds of grassy fields; the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) and the fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca), heavily streaked skulkers in woodlands; and the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) and the white-throated sparrow (Z. albicollis), larger

canonical hours: With Claudio Monteverdi’s Vespers (1610), a new style emerges. Orchestrally inspired church services revolutionized the polyphonic tradition of ecclesiastical music.

vespers, evening prayer of thanksgiving and praise in Roman Catholic and certain other Christian liturgies. Vespers and lauds (morning prayer) are the oldest and most important of the traditional liturgy of the hours. Many scholars believe vespers is based on Judaic forms of prayer and point to a

frosted bat, any of certain bat species of the family vesper bat

vesper bat, (family Vespertilionidae), large family of bats numbering more than 400 species. They are found worldwide in both tropical and temperate regions, their habitats ranging from tropical forest to desert. Vesper bats have small eyes and well-developed tails. Most species have long wings,

vesper bat, (family Vespertilionidae), large family of bats numbering more than 400 species. They are found worldwide in both tropical and temperate regions, their habitats ranging from tropical forest to desert. Vesper bats have small eyes and well-developed tails. Most species have long wings,

Björk: …released the quiet and hypnotic Vespertine. Her first studio album in four years, it refrained from pushing the musical boundaries that had made her a star of the 1990s and instead focused on a more rhythmic, contemplative intimacy. Medúlla (2004) was an all-vocals and vocal samples-based album that featured beatboxers…

wasp: …1,000 species within the family Vespidae (superfamily Vespoidea) and include the hornets and yellow jackets (yellowjackets). They differ from other wasp families in having their wings folded longitudinally when at rest.

hymenopteran: Social forms: …the Polistinae (paper wasps) and Vespinae (e.g., yellow jackets) use paperlike coverings, which they construct by gnawing wood particles from structures such as fences, telephone poles, and barn doors. This is then kneaded together with saliva to form a little ball. After returning to the nest, insects roll the balls…

wasp: …within the family Vespidae (superfamily Vespoidea) and include the hornets and yellow jackets (yellowjackets). They differ from other wasp families in having their wings folded longitudinally when at rest.

wasp: …within the family Vespidae (superfamily Vespoidea) and include the hornets and yellow jackets (yellowjackets). They differ from other wasp families in having their wings folded longitudinally when at rest.

canonical hours: With Claudio Monteverdi’s Vespers (1610), a new style emerges. Orchestrally inspired church services revolutionized the polyphonic tradition of ecclesiastical music.

Amerigo Vespucci was a merchant and explorer-navigator who took part in early voyages to the New World (1499–1500 and 1501–02) and occupied the influential post of piloto mayor (“master navigator”) in Sevilla (1508–12). The name for the Americas is derived from his given name. Vespucci was the son

wasp: …the genera Polistes, Vespa, and Vespula. Many are large and aggressive and are equipped with formidable stings. Some Vespula species are called yellow jackets owing to the black and yellow bands on their abdomen. Species of Vespa are called hornets, which are mostly black, with yellowish markings on the face,…

Vessantara, in Buddhist mythology, a previous incarnation of the Buddha Gotama. A crown prince, Vessantara was famous for his vast generosity, and, to the despair of his more practical-minded father, he accepted banishment to the forest, where he attained the ultimate self-abnegation by giving away

vessel, in botany, the most specialized and efficient conducting structure of xylem (fluid-conducting tissues). Characteristic of most flowering plants and absent from most gymnosperms and ferns, vessels are thought to have evolved from tracheids (a primitive form of water-conducting cell) by loss

lower vascular plant: Cells of the vascular system: Vessel cells, which have evolved in several lines of fern evolution and are the principal water-conducting cell type of flowering plants, are modified tracheids in which the end walls have lost their primary membranes, thus providing direct, unimpeded connections for water transport between the cells.…

lower vascular plant: Cells of the vascular system: Vessel cells, which have evolved in several lines of fern evolution and are the principal water-conducting cell type of flowering plants, are modified tracheids in which the end walls have lost their primary membranes, thus providing direct, unimpeded connections for water transport between the cells.…

vessel flute, musical instrument, an aerophone with a closed, spherically shaped body and a blow hole and sometimes with finger holes. In Africa many vessel flutes are made from gourds or shells; pottery bodies are found in China and Latin America. Ocarinas are often considered globular flutes, but

traffic control: New concepts: …meet the goals of the vessel traffic centre (to manage traffic) and the ship (to move through the area) by integrating space management, position fixing, track monitoring, and collision avoidance. The vessel traffic centre (VTC) coordinates ship passage in an area so as to be orderly and predictable. Position fixing…

traffic control: New concepts: …systems are integrated in a vessel traffic system (VTS), which can be defined as an assortment of personnel, procedures, equipment, and regulations assembled for the purpose of traffic management in a given body of water. A VTS includes some means of area surveillance, traffic separation, vessel movement reporting, a traffic…

bridge: Maillart’s innovations: Some of his last bridges—at Vessy, Liesberg, and Lachen—illustrate his mature vision for the possibilities of structural art. Over the Arve River at Vessy in 1935, Maillart designed a three-hinged, hollow-box arch in which the thin cross-walls taper at mid-height, forming an X shape. This striking design, giving life to…

suit: …a vest (later called a waistcoat in England), an undergarment almost identical to the coat.

Vest Fjord, fjord, in the Norwegian Sea off the northwestern coast of Norway. Formed by the Norwegian mainland to the east and the Lofoten islands to the north and west, Vest Fjord is about 100 miles (160 km) long and almost 50 miles (80 km) wide at its mouth, becoming narrower toward its head. The

Vesta, second largest—and the brightest—asteroid of the asteroid belt and the fourth such object to be discovered, by the German astronomer and physician Wilhelm Olbers on March 29, 1807. It is named for the ancient Roman goddess of the hearth (the Greek Hestia). Vesta revolves around the Sun once

yacht: Transatlantic racing and global circumnavigation: 6-metre length: Fleetwing, Vesta, and Henrietta. Henrietta, owned by the American newspaper publisher James Gordon Bennett, won in 13 days of sailing. The first single-sailor transatlantic voyage was made in a 6-metre boat by Alfred Johnson in 1876 to commemorate the centenary of U.S. independence. The first single-handed…

Vesta, in Roman religion, goddess of the hearth, identified with the Greek Hestia. The lack of an easy source of fire in the early Roman community placed a special premium on the ever-burning hearth fire, both publicly and privately maintained; thus, from the earliest times Vesta was assured of a

construction: Early concrete structures: …this concrete construction is the Temple of the Sybil (or Temple of Vesta) at Tivoli, built during the 1st century bce. This temple has a circular plan with a peristyle of stone columns and lintels around the outside, but the wall of the circular cella, or sanctuary room, inside is…

Vestal Virgins, in Roman religion, six priestesses, representing the daughters of the royal house, who tended the state cult of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. The cult is believed to date to the 7th century bc; like other non-Christian cults, it was banned in ad 394 by Theodosius I. Chosen

construction: Early concrete structures: …this concrete construction is the Temple of the Sybil (or Temple of Vesta) at Tivoli, built during the 1st century bce. This temple has a circular plan with a peristyle of stone columns and lintels around the outside, but the wall of the circular cella, or sanctuary room, inside is…

Gaspare Spontini: …early operas, notably his masterpiece, La vestale (1807), represent the spirit of the Napoleonic era and form an operatic bridge between the works of Christoph Gluck and Richard Wagner.

Vesta: …a year, however, on the Vestalia (June 7–15), it was opened to matrons who visited it barefoot.

Simon Vestdijk was a prolific Dutch writer whose early novels, with their unrelenting exposure of the barrenness of middle-class provincial life, shocked the bourgeois world of the 1930s. The cerebral, intellectual approach that characterizes Vestdijk’s writing was already apparent in his poetry,

Coburg: …because of its strongly fortified Veste, or castle, situated on a busy trade route. Martin Luther resided there in 1530, and during the 17th century the castle successfully withstood several sieges in the Thirty Years’ War.

Thorstein Veblen: Later works and career: …published in book form as The Vested Interests and the State of the Industrial Arts (1919; republished as The Vested Interests and the Common Man: The Modern Point of View and the New Order). Another series of articles that appeared in The Dial was later published in the book The…

Thorstein Veblen: Later works and career: …published in book form as The Vested Interests and the State of the Industrial Arts (1919; republished as The Vested Interests and the Common Man: The Modern Point of View and the New Order). Another series of articles that appeared in The Dial was later published in the book The…

conflict of laws: Historical development: ” This vested-rights doctrine maintained that, once a right was created in one locale, its existence should be recognized everywhere. Classic theories of conflicts law used a number of connecting factors to determine the territorially applicable law. In matters of family law, Anglo-American law used the parties’…

Vesterålen, island group, in the Norwegian Sea, northern Norway. Forming the northern end of the Lofoten-Vesterålen archipelago, the Vesterålen include, from east to west, Hinn Island (largest Norwegian island but for Spitsbergen), And Island, and Lang Island; important smaller islands are Gryt and

Vest Fjord, fjord, in the Norwegian Sea off the northwestern coast of Norway. Formed by the Norwegian mainland to the east and the Lofoten islands to the north and west, Vest Fjord is about 100 miles (160 km) long and almost 50 miles (80 km) wide at its mouth, becoming narrower toward its head. The

iiwi, (species Vestiaria coccinea), Hawaiian songbird, one of the commoner members of the Hawaiian honeycreeper family, Drepanididae, order Passeriformes. A nectar-feeder, named for its squeaky call (“ee-ee-vee”), it is 15 cm (6 inches) long, with a red body, black wings with small white patches,

adiaphorism: In England the Vestiarian controversy in the 1560s and ’70s dealt with the question of whether clerical vestments—declared to be “popish” by some—were theologically important.