Frances Wright was a Scottish-born American social reformer whose revolutionary views on religion, education, marriage, birth control, and other matters made her both a popular author and lecturer and a target of vilification. Wright was the daughter of a well-to-do Scottish merchant and political

Dixiecrat: Fielding L. Wright of Mississippi for vice president. The Dixiecrats, who opposed federal regulations they considered to interfere with states’ rights, carried South Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama, to receive 39 electoral votes; their popular vote totalled over 1,000,000.

Frances Wright was a Scottish-born American social reformer whose revolutionary views on religion, education, marriage, birth control, and other matters made her both a popular author and lecturer and a target of vilification. Wright was the daughter of a well-to-do Scottish merchant and political

Green Day: May 4, 1972, Berkeley), and Tré Cool (byname of Frank Edwin Wright III, b. December 9, 1972, Willits, California). Other members have included Al Sobrante (byname of John Kiffmeyer).

Frank Lloyd Wright was an architect and writer, an abundantly creative master of American architecture. His “Prairie style” became the basis of 20th-century residential design in the United States. Wright’s mother, Anna Lloyd-Jones, was a schoolteacher, aged 24, when she married a widower, William

Ozark Mountains: …industries, was given impetus by Harold Bell Wright’s novel The Shepherd of the Hills (1907), which romanticized the Missouri Ozarks. Other economic assets include timber (mainly hardwoods), agriculture (livestock, fruit, and truck farming), and lead and zinc mining.

James Wright was an American poet of the postmodern era who wrote about sorrow, salvation, and self-revelation, often drawing on his native Ohio River valley for images of nature and industry. In 1972 he won the Pulitzer Prize for Collected Poems (1971). After serving in the U.S. Army in World War

James Wright was an American poet of the postmodern era who wrote about sorrow, salvation, and self-revelation, often drawing on his native Ohio River valley for images of nature and industry. In 1972 he won the Pulitzer Prize for Collected Poems (1971). After serving in the U.S. Army in World War

James C. Wright, Jr. was an American politician and legislator who was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1954 and began representing Texas the following year. He became speaker of the House in 1987 but had to resign from office in 1989 because of charges of financial

James C. Wright, Jr. was an American politician and legislator who was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1954 and began representing Texas the following year. He became speaker of the House in 1987 but had to resign from office in 1989 because of charges of financial

James C. Wright, Jr. was an American politician and legislator who was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1954 and began representing Texas the following year. He became speaker of the House in 1987 but had to resign from office in 1989 because of charges of financial

Columbia: …site was settled (1726) by John Wright, a Quaker missionary to the Native Americans, who bought land and became a ferryman and judge. Known as Wright’s Ferry, the town was laid out in 1788 by Wright’s grandson, Samuel, and was named Columbia shortly thereafter. It was one of the places…

Gunpowder Plot: Winter, Thomas Percy, John Wright, and Guy Fawkes—were zealous Roman Catholics angered by James’s refusal to grant more religious toleration to Catholics. They apparently hoped that the confusion that would follow the murder of the king, his ministers, and the members of Parliament would provide an opportunity for…

Joseph Wright was an English painter who was a pioneer in the artistic treatment of industrial subjects. He was also the best European painter of artificial light of his day. Wright was trained as a portrait painter by Thomas Hudson in the 1750s. Wright’s home was Derby, one of the great centres of

Judith Wright was an Australian poet whose verse, thoroughly modern in idiom, is noted for its skillful technique. After completing her education at the University of Sydney, Wright worked in an advertising agency and as a secretary at the University of Queensland, where she helped publish Meanjin,

Judith Wright was an Australian poet whose verse, thoroughly modern in idiom, is noted for its skillful technique. After completing her education at the University of Sydney, Wright worked in an advertising agency and as a secretary at the University of Queensland, where she helped publish Meanjin,

philosophy of biology: Teleology: …American philosophers Robert Cummins and Larry Wright, respectively.

Laura Maria Sheldon Wright was an American missionary who devoted her energies unstintingly to the education and welfare of the Seneca people, honouring their culture while assisting in their adjustment to reservation life. Laura Sheldon played as a child with local Native American children, among

Letitia Wright is a Guyanese-British actress who gained fame for playing Shuri, the younger sister of T’Challa (Black Panther, played by Chadwick Boseman) in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Black Panther (2018). Immediately popular, the movie introduced her to a large mainstream audience. Wright

Letitia Wright is a Guyanese-British actress who gained fame for playing Shuri, the younger sister of T’Challa (Black Panther, played by Chadwick Boseman) in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Black Panther (2018). Immediately popular, the movie introduced her to a large mainstream audience. Wright

Lucy Myers Wright Mitchell was an archaeologist who, though self-taught, became an internationally recognized authority on ancient Greek and Roman sculpture. Lucy Wright was the daughter of a missionary to the Nestorian Christians in Persia. In 1860 she was taken to the United States, and a short

Marian Wright Edelman is an American lawyer and civil rights activist who founded the Children’s Defense Fund in 1973. Edelman attended Spelman College in Atlanta (B.A., 1960) and Yale University Law School (LL.B., 1963). After work registering African American voters in Mississippi, she moved to

Mickey Wright was an American golfer who is widely considered the sport’s greatest female competitor, known for her record-setting play in the 1950s and ’60s. Wright had begun playing golf by age 12. In 1952 she won the U.S. Golfing Association junior girls’ championship. She attended Stanford

May Eliza Wright Sewall was an American educator and reformer, best remembered for her work in connection with woman suffrage and with women’s organizations worldwide. Sewall graduated in 1866 from Northwestern Female College (later absorbed by Northwestern University), in Evanston, Illinois. She

Mickey Wright was an American golfer who is widely considered the sport’s greatest female competitor, known for her record-setting play in the 1950s and ’60s. Wright had begun playing golf by age 12. In 1952 she won the U.S. Golfing Association junior girls’ championship. She attended Stanford

Wright brothers: Early family life: …Orville were the sons of Milton Wright, an ordained minister of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, and Susan Catherine Koerner Wright, whom Milton had met while he was training for the ministry and while Susan was a student at a United Brethren college in Hartsville, Indiana. Two…

Stephen Harper: Majority government of Stephen Harper: …by Harper’s chief of staff, Nigel Wright, from his own funds. Harper expressed surprise at the news of Wright’s gift and suggested that his chief of staff had acted alone in his “deception”; however, journalists reported that numerous other Conservative Party members had some knowledge of the transaction. Wright was…

Wright brothers: …Dayton, Ohio) and his brother Orville Wright (August 19, 1871, Dayton—January 30, 1948, Dayton) also built and flew the first fully practical airplane (1905).

Patience Wright was an American sculptor of wax figures who achieved fame in the American colonies and England. Patience Lovell was born into a prosperous Quaker farm family. In 1748 she married Joseph Wright. Little is known of her life from then until 1769, when she was left a widow with five

Quincy Wright was an American political scientist and authority on international law known for classic studies of war and international relations. Wright received his B.A. from Lombard College, Galesburg, Ill., in 1912 and his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1915. He taught at Harvard

Quincy Wright was an American political scientist and authority on international law known for classic studies of war and international relations. Wright received his B.A. from Lombard College, Galesburg, Ill., in 1912 and his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1915. He taught at Harvard

Richard Wright was a novelist and short-story writer who was among the first African American writers to protest white treatment of Blacks, notably in his novel Native Son (1940) and his autobiography, Black Boy (1945). He inaugurated the tradition of protest explored by other Black writers after

Richard Wright is a British painter and installation artist who creates directly on gallery walls his intricately detailed and visually arresting abstract paintings. Each of his works is site-specific and temporary, emphasizing the essential fragility and ephemeral nature of his art. In 2009,

Pink Floyd: …Birmingham, West Midlands), keyboard player Rick Wright (in full Richard Wright; b. July 28, 1945, London—d. September 15, 2008, London), and guitarist David Gilmour (b. March 6, 1944, Cambridge).

Pink Floyd: …Birmingham, West Midlands), keyboard player Rick Wright (in full Richard Wright; b. July 28, 1945, London—d. September 15, 2008, London), and guitarist David Gilmour (b. March 6, 1944, Cambridge).

Sean Penn: …appeared with his second wife—Robin Wright (married 1996; divorced 2010)—in She’s So Lovely (1997), for which he was named best actor at the Cannes film festival, and later garnered Oscar nominations for Sweet and Lowdown (1999) and I Am Sam (2001). Another impressive directorial effort came with The Pledge.…

Sewall Wright was an American geneticist, one of the founders of population genetics. He was the brother of the political scientist Quincy Wright. Wright was educated at Lombard College, Galesburg, Ill., and at the University of Illinois, Urbana, and, after earning his doctorate in zoology at

Sir Almroth Edward Wright was a British bacteriologist and immunologist best known for advancing vaccination through the use of autogenous vaccines (prepared from the bacteria harboured by the patient) and through antityphoid immunization with typhoid bacilli killed by heat. Wright received his

Wright brothers: Early family life: …United Brethren in Christ, and Susan Catherine Koerner Wright, whom Milton had met while he was training for the ministry and while Susan was a student at a United Brethren college in Hartsville, Indiana. Two boys, Reuchlin (1861–1920) and Lorin (1862–1939), were born to the couple before Wilbur was born…

Pere Ubu: November 19, 1950), and Tim Wright (b. 1952, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.—d. August 4, 2013). Later members included Tony Maimone (b. September 27, 1952, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.), Jim Jones (b. March 12, 1950—d. February 18, 2008), Chris Cutler (b. January 4, 1947), Mayo Thompson (b. February 26, 1944), Anton Fier…

Burj al-ʿArab: …that was designed by architect Tom Wright and completed in 1999.

Warren Wright was an American financier, owner and breeder of Thoroughbred racehorses, and proprietor of Calumet Farm. Wright was educated in public schools and in business college and, starting in 1890, worked for more than 25 years in the firm that his father had founded, the Calumet Baking

Wright brothers: Wilbur Wright (April 16, 1867, near Millville, Indiana, U.S.—May 30, 1912, Dayton, Ohio) and his brother Orville Wright (August 19, 1871, Dayton—January 30, 1948, Dayton) also built and flew the first fully practical airplane (1905).

electronic artificial life game: …and cofounder of Maxis Software William (Will) Wright is associated with the development of commercial A-life games. His first commercial A-life release was SimEarth (1990), a world-builder simulation for personal computers (PCs) in which players select from various landforms and climates for their planet, seed the planet with very primitive…

S.S. Van Dine was an American critic, editor, and author of a series of best-selling detective novels featuring the brilliant but arrogant sleuth Philo Vance. Wright was educated at St. Vincent and Pomona colleges in California, at Harvard University, and in Munich and Paris. Pursuing a career as a

electronic artificial life game: …and cofounder of Maxis Software William (Will) Wright is associated with the development of commercial A-life games. His first commercial A-life release was SimEarth (1990), a world-builder simulation for personal computers (PCs) in which players select from various landforms and climates for their planet, seed the planet with very primitive…

Dayton Accords: The road toward peace: …Union (EU) met at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base on the outskirts of Dayton, Ohio, a site chosen to reduce the ability of participants to negotiate via the media rather than the bargaining table. The peace conference was led by Holbrooke and cochaired by EU Special Representative Carl Bildt and…

William Wrigley, Jr.: Wrigley’s Chicago headquarters, the Wrigley Building, became a noted architectural landmark of that city.

Wrigley Field, baseball stadium in Chicago that, since 1916, has been home to the Cubs, the city’s National League (NL) team. Built in 1914, it is one of the oldest and most iconic Major League Baseball parks in the United States. The stadium was designed by brothers Zachary Taylor Davis and

William Wrigley, Jr.: …advertising to boost sales of Wrigley’s Spearmint chewing gum, which he introduced in 1893. By 1908, sales of Wrigley’s Spearmint were more than $1,000,000 a year. In 1911 Wrigley took over Zeno Manufacturing, the company that made his chewing gum, and established the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. His company became…

All-American Girls Professional Baseball League: … owner and chewing gum magnate Philip K. Wrigley. He started the league out of a concern that men’s major league baseball would suffer when players were called for military service. The “Belles of the Ball Game,” however, delivered such a high level of play that, at the league’s peak in…

William Wrigley, Jr. was an American salesman and manufacturer whose company became the largest producer and distributor of chewing gum in the world. Wrigley went to work as a traveling soap salesman for his father’s company at age 13. In 1891 he went to Chicago as a soap distributor and there

Wrigley Field: …neighbourhood around the stadium—known as Wrigleyville—also became more developed, especially from the 1990s. Although home to numerous bars and restaurants, the area was largely residential, which added to the stadium’s appeal but also resulted in resistance to some proposed changes. Notably, in 1988, only after threatening to move were the…

Dorothy Maud Wrinch was a British American mathematician and biochemist who contributed to the understanding of the structure of proteins. Shortly after her birth in Argentina, where her British father was employed as an engineer, Wrinch’s family returned to England. Wrinch grew up in Surbiton, a

Ava DuVernay: …director of the adventure fantasy A Wrinkle in Time (2018). It was based on the award-winning 1962 book of the same name by Madeleine L’Engle and featured a multicultural cast that included Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, and Mindy Kaling.

A Wrinkle in Time, novel for young adults by Madeleine L’Engle, published in 1962. It won a Newbery Medal in 1963. Combining theology, fantasy, and science, it is the story of travel through space and time to battle a cosmic evil. With their neighbour Calvin O’Keefe, young Meg Murry and her brother

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Rhysodidae (wrinkled bark beetles) Small, slender, brownish beetles; about 350 species, mostly tropical. Sometimes considered a subgroup (tribe Rhysodini) of family Carabidae. Family Trachypachidae A few species in Europe and North America. Suborder Archostemata

Henry Wriothesley, 3rd earl of Southampton was an English nobleman and William Shakespeare’s patron. Henry Wriothesley succeeded to his father’s earldom in 1581 and became a royal ward under the care of Lord Burghley. Educated at the University of Cambridge and at Gray’s Inn, London, he was 17

Henry Wriothesley, 2nd earl of Southampton was one of the Roman Catholic English nobles who conspired for the release of Mary, Queen of Scots. Henry Wriothesley was the third and only surviving son of the 1st Earl of Southampton and was born into great privilege (King Henry VIII himself was one of

Thomas Wriothesley, 1st earl of Southampton was an influential minister of state during the last years of the reign of King Henry VIII of England. The son of one herald, William Writh, or Wriothesley, and nephew and cousin to two others, Thomas Wriothesley was well-placed for a career in the royal

Thomas Wriothesley, 4th earl of Southampton was a major supporter of both Charles I and Charles II of England. The only surviving son of the 3rd Earl, Thomas attended St. John’s College, Cambridge. When the dispute began between Charles I and Parliament, he took the side of the latter, but soon the

automation: The robot manipulator: …large links, and (2) a wrist, consisting of two or three compact joints. Attached to the wrist is a gripper to grasp a work part or a tool (e.g., a spot-welding gun) to perform a process. The two manipulator sections have different functions: the arm-and-body is used to move and…

wrist, complex joint between the five metacarpal bones of the hand and the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. The wrist is composed of eight or nine small, short bones (carpal bones) roughly arranged in two rows. The wrist is also made up of several component joints: the distal radioulnar joint,

ice hockey: Rules and principles of play: …hockey: the slap shot, the wrist shot, and the backhander. The slap shot has been timed at more than 100 miles an hour (160 km an hour). The slap shot differs from the wrist shot in that the player brings his stick back until it is nearly perpendicular with the…

Rolex: …his company’s future on the wristwatch. He came up with the brand name Rolex, registered it as a trademark in 1908, and set out to make wristwatches that were both manly and fashionable. In 1914, in an early display of his considerable talent for generating publicity, Wilsdorf had the British…

Rolex: …his company’s future on the wristwatch. He came up with the brand name Rolex, registered it as a trademark in 1908, and set out to make wristwatches that were both manly and fashionable. In 1914, in an early display of his considerable talent for generating publicity, Wilsdorf had the British…

writ, in common law, order issued by a court in the name of a sovereign authority requiring the performance of a specific act. The most common modern writs are those, such as the summons, used to initiate an action. Other writs may be used to enforce the judgment of a court (attachment, delivery)

assize: The term also designated certain writs operable in such courts. In modern times courts of assize are criminal courts that deal with the most serious crimes.

mandamus, originally a formal writ issued by the English crown commanding an official to perform a specific act within the duty of the office. It later became a judicial writ issued from the Court of Queen’s Bench, in the name of the sovereign, at the request of an individual suitor whose interests

Elizabeth George: …published several short-story collections and Write Away (2004), a guide for aspiring writers. The Edge of Nowhere (2012), about the supernatural happenings on an island near Seattle, was her first effort aimed at young adults. Other books in the series included The Edge of Water (2014) and The Edge of…

CD-ROM: …CDs are also known as WORM discs, for “Write Once Read Many.” A rewritable version based on excitable crystals and known as CD-RW was introduced in the mid-1990s. Because both CD-R and CD-RW recorders originally required a computer to operate, they had limited acceptance outside of use as computer software…

CD-ROM: …CDs are also known as WORM discs, for “Write Once Read Many.” A rewritable version based on excitable crystals and known as CD-RW was introduced in the mid-1990s. Because both CD-R and CD-RW recorders originally required a computer to operate, they had limited acceptance outside of use as computer software…

tablet computer: …Research’s Z88 and Linus Technologies’ Write-Top, which were introduced in 1987. The Z88 accepted input through a keyboard that was part of the main tablet unit, while the Write-Top accepted input through a stylus. Weighing 0.9 kg (2 pounds), the Z88 was much more portable than the Write-Top, which weighed…

Carole King: …solo, and her debut album, Writer, was released in 1970.

Ha Jin: Literary works: In 2008 Jin published The Writer as Migrant, which comprises three essays on literary exiles. His other nonfiction work includes The Banished Immortal (2019), a biography of the Chinese poet Li Bai. In addition, with Chinese composer Tan Dun, he cowrote the libretto for Tan’s opera The First Emperor…

Fyodor Dostoyevsky: A Writer’s Diary and other works: In 1873 Dostoyevsky assumed the editorship of the conservative journal Grazhdanin (“The Citizen”), where he published an irregular column entitled “Dnevnik pisatelya” (“The Diary of a Writer”). He left Grazhdanin to write Podrostok (1875; A Raw Youth, also known…

David Lodge: …from 1935 to 1975, and Writer’s Luck (2018), set in 1976–91.

readerly and writerly: writerly, opposite types of literary text, as defined by the French critic Roland Barthes in his book S/Z (1970). Barthes used the terms lisible (“readerly”) and scriptible (“writerly”) to distinguish, respectively, between texts that are straightforward and demand no special effort to understand and those…

Ukraine: Literature: …writers, known as the “Writers of the ’60s,” broke with Socialist Realism in the post-Stalinist period, but in the 1970s the Communist Party took new measures to repress literature that deviated from the approved style.

Writers’ Union of the U.S.S.R., organization formed in 1932 by a decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that abolished existing literary organizations and absorbed all professional Soviet writers into one large union. The union supported Communist Party policies

writing, form of human communication by means of a set of visible marks that are related, by convention, to some particular structural level of language. This definition highlights the fact that writing is in principle the representation of language rather than a direct representation of thought

Lawrence Ferlinghetti: …on travel were collected as Writing Across the Landscape: Travel Journals 1960–2010 (2015), and a number of his exchanges with Ginsberg were published as I Greet You at the Beginning of a Great Career: The Selected Correspondence of Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Allen Ginsberg, 1955–1997 (2015). Shortly before his 100th birthday,…

anthropology: Culture and the humanities: …the 1990s by the “writing against culture” movement, which expressed misgivings about a common form of anthropological thought that imposed excessive and disadvantaging “otherness” on the cultures and peoples studied. This movement implicitly reasserted the humanist universalism of anthropology and pointed up how other cultures were described in terms…

anthropology: Culture and the humanities: …challenged anthropology with the “writing culture” movement, which pointed up the biases implicit in the anthropologist’s positioning in field research, and his or her choice of voices to hear and materials to write about in the ethnographic text. Geertz thus enabled many anthropologists of all persuasions to recognize the…

Roland Barthes: His first book, Le Degré zéro de l’écriture (1953; Writing Degree Zero), was a literary manifesto that examined the arbitrariness of the constructs of language. In subsequent books—including Mythologies (1957), Essais critiques (1964; Critical Essays), and La Tour Eiffel (1964; The Eiffel Tower and Other Mythologies)—he applied the…

desk, a table, frame, or case with a sloping or horizontal top particularly designed to aid writing or reading, and often containing drawers, compartments, or pigeonholes. The first desks were probably designed for ecclesiastical use. Early English desks derived from the church lectern were

Howard S. Becker: …a sociology of writing in Writing for Social Scientists (1986), phrasing his points in the context of practical advice on how to write about sociological research. Those concepts were broadened in Tricks of the Trade (1998), which discussed effective and meaningful research methods in the social sciences. Becker’s later books…

Braille: Writing Braille by hand is accomplished by means of a device called a slate that consists of two metal plates hinged together to permit a sheet of paper to be inserted between them. Some slates have a wooden base or guide board onto which the…

South Africa: Literature: …South Africa and wrote, in Writing in a State of Siege (1983), about how unsuccessful the National Party had been in silencing South African writers:

calligraphy: Writing manuals and copybooks (16th to 18th century): From the 16th through 18th centuries two types of writing books predominated in Europe: the writing manual, which instructed the reader how to make, space, and join letters, as well as, in some books, how to choose…

writing: Writing as a system of signs: A writing system may be defined as any conventional system of marks or signs that represents the utterances of a language. Writing renders language visible; while speech is ephemeral, writing is concrete and, by comparison, permanent. Both speaking and writing depend upon the underlying structures of…

Beyoncé: Early life and Destiny’s Child: ” Its follow-up album, The Writing’s on the Wall (1999), earned the group two Grammy Awards and sold more than eight million copies in the United States. Survivor (2001), the group’s third album, reached the number one spot on the Billboard 200 chart. By this time the group’s lineup,…

wind instrument: Trumpet-type aerophones: …clearly depicted in Michael Praetorius’s Syntagma musicum (1619). Praetorius’s illustration of trombones, for example, features crooks inserted between the slide and bell sections. Terminal crooks were common on trumpets from the 17th through the 19th century. They were also used, singly and in combination, on the horn until the mid-18th…

Ketuvim, the third division of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament. Divided into four sections, the Ketuvim include: poetical books (Psalms, Proverbs, and Job), the Megillot, or Scrolls (Song of Solomon, Ruth, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Ecclesiastes, and Esther), prophecy (Daniel), and history (Ezra,

Jeanette Winterson: …included Sexing the Cherry (1989); Written on the Body (1992); Art and Lies (1994), about dehumanization and the absence of love in society; Gut Symmetries (1997); and The PowerBook (2000). She later published Lighthousekeeping (2004), an exploration of the nature of storytelling told through the tale of an orphaned girl…

Douglas Sirk: From All That Heaven Allows to Imitation of Life: …range of critics, as would Written on the Wind (1956), which followed There’s Always Tomorrow (1955). A sweeping melodrama with a stellar cast (Hudson, Robert Stack, Lauren Bacall, and Dorothy Malone), Written on the Wind is arguably Sirk’s masterpiece. Malone won a best supporting actress Academy Award for her performance…

Kurt Tucholsky was a German satirical essayist, poet, and critic, best-known for his cabaret songs. After studying law and serving in World War I, Tucholsky left Germany in 1924 and lived first in Paris and after 1929 in Sweden. He contributed to Rote Signale (1931; “Red Signals”), a collection of

Wrocław, city, capital of Dolnośląskie województwo (province), southwestern Poland. It lies along the Oder River at its confluence with the Oława, Ślęza, Bystrzyca, and Widawa rivers. A large industrial centre situated in Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia), Wrocław is the fourth largest city in Poland.

rules of engagement: …to constrain military action, and wartime ROE (WROE), which do not limit military responses to offensive actions.

ethics: …human actions can be judged right or wrong.