Belgian literature: The turn of the 19th century: …1898 Emmanuel de Bom published Wrakken (“Wrecks”), the first modern Flemish psychological and urban novel, and Starkadd, an early Wagnerian drama by Alfred Hegenscheidt, was produced.

Wrangel Island, island, in Chukotka autonomous okrug (district), far northeastern Russia, lying in the Arctic Ocean and separating the East Siberian Sea from the Chukchi Sea. The long, narrow island is about 78 miles (125 km) wide and occupies an area of some 2,800 square miles (7,300 square km).

Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel was a Russian explorer who completed the mapping of the northeastern coast of Siberia (1820–24). Wrangel Island off the Siberian coast was named in his honour. Graduating from the Russian naval academy in 1815, Wrangel sailed around the world in the sloop Kamchatka under

Karl Gustav, Count Wrangel was a Swedish soldier who succeeded Lennart Torstenson as Swedish military and naval commander during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) and subsequent Baltic conflicts. Wrangel began his military career in Germany during the Thirty Years’ War and by 1638 was a major

Pyotr Nikolayevich, Baron Wrangel was a general who led the “White” (anti-Bolshevik) forces in the final phase of the Russian Civil War (1918–20). A member of an old German baronial family, he served in the Russian imperial guards and became commander of a Cossack division during World War I. He

Wrangell Mountains, segment of the Pacific Coast Ranges (see Pacific mountain system), southeastern Alaska, U.S. The mountains are named for Ferdinand P. Wrangel, a 19th-century Russian explorer. Roughly 60 miles (100 km) wide, they extend for about 100 miles (160 km), from the Copper River to the

Alaskan mountains: Physiography of the southern ranges: …16,421 feet (5,005 metres), while Mount Wrangell (14,163 feet [4,317 metres]) is still steaming. The Wrangells are some of the most visually striking of the Alaskan mountains because of their rugged topography and perennial snow cover.

Wrangell–Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, vast natural area in southeastern Alaska, U.S., on the Canadian border, adjoining Kluane National Park and Reserve in Yukon. Proclaimed a national monument in 1978, the area was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979 and was established as a

cabinet: …most famous was the “Wrangelschrank,” taken as booty in the Thirty Years’ War by the Swedish count Carl Gustav Wrangel. Made in Augsburg in 1566, it was decorated with boxwood carvings and outstanding pictorial marquetry.

Carole King: …Reasons (1972), Fantasy (1973), and Wrap Around Joy (1974). Her marriage to Charles Larkey, the bass player of the City, failed, and in 1977 she married her manager, Rick Evers, who was abusive and who died of a drug overdose less than a year later. King married for a fourth…

Diane von Furstenberg: …to fashion design was the wrap dress.

basketry: Wattle construction: (1) The bound, or wrapped, type, which is not very elaborate, has a widespread distribution, being used for burden baskets in the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal, for poultry cages in different parts of Africa and the Near East, and for small crude baskets in Tierra del…

basketry: Wattle construction: (1) The bound, or wrapped, type, which is not very elaborate, has a widespread distribution, being used for burden baskets in the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal, for poultry cages in different parts of Africa and the Near East, and for small crude baskets in Tierra del…

baking: Wrapping: Most American consumers prefer wrapped bread, and the trend toward wrapping is growing in other countries. Sanitary and aesthetic considerations dictate protection of the product from environmental contamination during distribution and display. Waxed paper was originally the only film used to package bread, after…

wrasse, any of nearly 500 species of marine fishes of the family Labridae (order Perciformes). Wrasses range from about 5 cm (2 inches) to 2 metres (6.5 feet) or more in length. Most species are elongated and relatively slender. Characteristic features of the wrasses include thick lips, smooth

wrath, in Roman Catholic theology, one of the seven deadly sins. Wrath is defined as a strong feeling of hatred or resentment with a desire for vengeance. This overwhelming feeling and desire for revenge distinguishes wrath from anger that is balanced with reason, which is not a sin. Christian

Rita Hayworth: …appeared in her final film, The Wrath of God, in 1972.

Jason Statham: Acting career: …reunited with Guy Ritchie for Wrath of Man, portraying an armored-truck driver with a mysterious past. The director and actor also teamed up for the action comedy Operation Fortune: Ruse de Guerre (2023), about the hunt to find a stolen briefcase.

A.C. Jordan: His novel Ingqumbo yeminyanya (1940; The Wrath of the Ancestors) goes much beyond earlier Xhosa novels in its attempt to reveal the workings of a modern black African mind in its fight against conservative tribal forces. In developing his theme of the conflict between traditional and Western ways, Jordan denies…

Ralph Fiennes: …of the Titans (2010) and Wrath of the Titans (2012); and as James Bond’s boss, M, in Skyfall (2012), Spectre (2015), and No Time to Die (2021). Fiennes played a corrupt prime minister in David Hare’s trilogy of television spy films—Page Eight (2011), Turks & Caicos (2014), and Salting the

Dolnośląskie: Geography: …centre, Wrocław, hosts the “Wratislavia Cantans,” an oratorio and cantata festival that ranks as one of the most important music events in Poland, and the “Jazz on the Oder” festival. The Frédéric Chopin Festival attracts pianists to Duszniki Zdrój. Notable museums include the Museum of Copper in Legnica and…

Fay Wray was a Canadian-born actor who appeared in more than 90 motion pictures, including a number of silent films, and acted opposite some of Hollywood’s most notable male stars. She was best remembered for her performance as the love object of a giant gorilla in King Kong (1933). Given the role

Link Wray was an American guitarist and songwriter who is often credited with introducing the power chord (a simplified chord, commonly played on the electric guitar, based on the root and fifth notes of the major scale), which greatly influenced the sound of rock and roll and laid the groundwork

John Ray was a leading 17th-century English naturalist and botanist who contributed significantly to progress in taxonomy. His enduring legacy to botany was the establishment of species as the ultimate unit of taxonomy. Ray was the son of the village blacksmith in Black Notley and attended the

Link Wray was an American guitarist and songwriter who is often credited with introducing the power chord (a simplified chord, commonly played on the electric guitar, based on the root and fifth notes of the major scale), which greatly influenced the sound of rock and roll and laid the groundwork

Fay Wray was a Canadian-born actor who appeared in more than 90 motion pictures, including a number of silent films, and acted opposite some of Hollywood’s most notable male stars. She was best remembered for her performance as the love object of a giant gorilla in King Kong (1933). Given the role

War Refugee Board (WRB), United States agency established January 22, 1944, to attempt to rescue victims of the Nazis—mainly Jews—from death in German-occupied Europe. The board began its work after the Nazis had already killed millions in concentration and extermination camps. A late start, a lack

Sébastien Loeb: …having won a record nine World Rally Championship (WRC) titles (2004–12).

heraldry: The reading of heraldry: In formal blazons the wreath (also called the torse) is given as well; thus, crest—on a wreath of the colours, a wolf passant proper (Trelawny). The wreath is not usually mentioned, however, because like the helmet it is always assumed to be there. The term colours refers to the…

wreath, circular garland, usually woven of flowers, leaves, and foliage, that traditionally indicates honour or celebration. The wreath in ancient Egypt was most popular in the form of a chaplet made by sewing flowers to linen bands and tying them around the head. In ancient Greece, wreaths,

John Munonye: …Man of Obange (1971) and A Wreath for the Maidens (1973). His novel A Dancer of Fortune (1974) is a satire of modern Nigerian business. Munonye returned to the family of his first two novels in Bridge to a Wedding (1978). Thereafter he published little.

Avatamsaka-sutra, voluminous Mahayana Buddhist text that some consider the most sublime revelation of the Buddha’s teachings. Scholars value the text for its revelations about the evolution of thought from early Buddhism to fully developed Mahayana. The sutra speaks of the deeds of the Buddha and

Avatamsaka-sutra, voluminous Mahayana Buddhist text that some consider the most sublime revelation of the Buddha’s teachings. Scholars value the text for its revelations about the evolution of thought from early Buddhism to fully developed Mahayana. The sutra speaks of the deeds of the Buddha and

The Wreck of the Deutschland, ode by Gerard Manley Hopkins, written in the mid-1870s and published posthumously in 1918 in Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins. One of Hopkins’s longest poems, comprising 35 eight-line stanzas, it commemorates the death of five Franciscan nuns, exiled from Germany, who

Gordon Lightfoot: …Lightfoot’s best-known song was “The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald” (1976), about the sinking of a Great Lakes freighter. He continued to perform and record into the early 21st century.

Disney Company: Continuing expansion: ABC, Pixar, Marvel Entertainment, and Lucasfilm: Among them were Tangled (2010), Wreck-It Ralph (2012), Frozen (2013), and Encanto (2021). Disney’s live-action films experienced something of a rebirth when Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), a film loosely inspired by a ride at Disney theme parks, scored huge numbers at the box…

Ha Jin: Literary works: …Shadows (1996); later collections include Wreckage (2001) and A Distant Center (2018). His volume of army stories, Ocean of Words (1996), received the PEN/Hemingway Award in 1997, and his second book of stories, Under the Red Flag (1997), which tells of life during the Cultural Revolution, won the Flannery O’Connor…

wreckfish, (Polyprion americanus), large, grayish fish of the family Polyprionidae (order Perciformes), found in the Mediterranean and in both sides of the Atlantic, generally in offshore waters. The wreckfish is deep-bodied, with a large head and jutting lower jaw, and attains a length and weight

Bruce Springsteen: Without The Big Man: Wrecking Ball, Springsteen’s 17th studio album, released in March 2012, represented a sharp turn in his social vision and attitude toward the political moment. The album and the tour that followed its release attempted to reshape the E Street project. On the album, the majestic…

Miley Cyrus: Bangerz, Plastic Hearts, and Endless Summer Vacation: The ballad “Wrecking Ball,” meanwhile, became Cyrus’s first song to top the Billboard singles chart. The album garnered Cyrus her first Grammy Award nomination, for best pop vocal album. She then veered away from the mainstream with Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz (2015), a collection of…

Emmylou Harris: Her 1995 release, Wrecking Ball, on which she performed songs written by Neil Young, Bob Dylan, and Jimi Hendrix, among others, was especially notable and earned the Grammy Award for best contemporary folk album. Red Dirt Girl (2000), on which she was accompanied by such singers as Kate…

Dean Martin: … (1966), The Ambushers (1967), and The Wrecking Crew (1968).

Wrexham, town and urban area (from 2011 built-up area), Wrexham county borough, historic county of Denbighshire (Sir Ddinbych), northeastern Wales. It is situated along the River Clywedog, about 5 miles (8 km) west of the border with Cheshire, England. Wrexham is an industrial and market hub, the

Wrexham, county borough, northeastern Wales, along the English border. It covers a lowland area in the east, where most of the population lives, and includes the peaks of Esclusham, Ruabon, and Cyrn-y-Brain in the northwest. In the southwest it extends into the Vale of Ceiriog and the surrounding

Karl Philipp, prince von Wrede was a Bavarian field marshal, allied with Napoleon until 1813, when he joined the coalition against France. Educated for the career of a civil official in the Palatinate, he raised a volunteer corps that served with the Austrians, beginning in 1799. After the Treaty

biblical literature: The modern period: …interpretation by the German scholar William Wrede (Das Messiasgeheimnis in den Evangelien, 1901) and the medical missionary theologian Albert Schweitzer (The Quest of the Historical Jesus, Eng. trans., 1910), who revolutionized New Testament scholarship with his emphasis on the eschatological orientation of Jesus’ mind and message. The writings of the…

Telford and Wrekin, unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Shropshire, west-central England, in the east-central part of the county. The unitary authority, drained in the south by the River Severn, is a plain covered by glacial drift soils in the north. Historically important

wren, (family Troglodytidae), any of approximately 85 species of small, chunky, brownish birds (order Passeriformes). The family originated in the Western Hemisphere, and only one species, Troglodytes troglodytes, which breeds circumpolarly in temperate regions, has spread to the Old World. This

St. Stephen’s Day, one of two holidays widely observed in honour of two Christian saints. In many countries December 26 commemorates the life of St. Stephen, a Christian deacon in Jerusalem who was known for his service to the poor and his status as the first Christian martyr (he was stoned to

Christopher Wren was a designer, astronomer, geometrician, and the greatest English architect of his time. Wren designed 53 London churches, including St. Paul’s Cathedral, as well as many secular buildings of note. He was a founder of the Royal Society (president 1680–82), and his scientific work

Beau Geste: …the French Foreign Legion by Percival C. Wren, published in 1924.

Christopher Wren was a designer, astronomer, geometrician, and the greatest English architect of his time. Wren designed 53 London churches, including St. Paul’s Cathedral, as well as many secular buildings of note. He was a founder of the Royal Society (president 1680–82), and his scientific work

wren-babbler, any of about 20 species of small Asian birds belonging to the babbler family Timaliidae (order Passeriformes). They are 10 to 15 centimetres (4 to 6 inches) long, rather short-tailed, and have a rather short and straight bill. These features differentiate wren-babblers from the

wren-warbler, any of a number of Old World warblers, family Sylviidae (order Passeriformes), that are wrenlike in carrying their tails cocked up. The name also denotes certain birds of the family Maluridae that are found in Australia and New Zealand. Among the sylviid wren-warblers are those of the

wrench, tool, usually operated by hand, for tightening bolts and nuts. Basically, a wrench consists of a stout lever with a notch at one or both ends for gripping the bolt or nut in such a way that it can be twisted by a pull on the wrench at right angles to the axes of the lever and the bolt or

strike-slip fault, in geology, a fracture in the rocks of Earth’s crust in which the rock masses slip past one another parallel to the strike, the intersection of a rock surface with the surface or another horizontal plane. These faults are caused by horizontal compression, but they release their

wrenthrush, (Zeledonia coronata), bird of the rain forests of Costa Rica and Panama. It resembles the wren in size (11 cm, or 4.5 inches), in being brownish and short-tailed, and in its habit of skulking in undergrowth. It is thrushlike in beak and leg structure. The wrenthrush has been classified

wrentit, (species Chamaea fasciata), bird of the Pacific coast of North America belonging to family Timaliidae. A fluffy brown bird about 16 cm (6.5 inches) long with a long tail, the wrentit calls harshly and sings loudly in thick brush, where pairs forage for fruit and

WrestleMania, in professional wrestling, the flagship annual event held by World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (WWE). WrestleMania was WWE’s first pay-per-view event, originally held in 1985, and remains the biggest event in its calendar. The show is typically held in front of a large crowd that

Dwayne Johnson: …in a main-event match at WrestleMania XXVIII in April 2012. His appearance contributed to the event’s unparalleled success: with more than 1.3 million pay-per-view orders and $67 million in global sales, WrestleMania XXVIII was WWE’s top-grossing pay-per-view broadcast. In January 2013 Johnson captured his eighth professional wrestling title, but he…

Stephen Dobyns: …an unnamed Latin American city; The Wrestler’s Cruel Study (1993), which explores identity and self-perception as a wrestler searches for his missing fiancée; The Church of Dead Girls (1997), about the murder of three young girls and the impact their deaths have on a small town; and the comic thriller…

Marisa Tomei: …a stripper in Darren Aronofsky’s The Wrestler (2008). Her later films included The Lincoln Lawyer (2011), Crazy, Stupid, Love. (2011), and The Big Short (2015). Tomei had a recurring part in 2015 in the TV series Empire, and she played Peter Parker’s guardian, Aunt May, in such box-office hits as…

wrestling, sport practiced in various styles by two competitors, involving forcing an opponent to touch the ground with some part of the body other than his feet; forcing him into a certain position, usually supine (on his back); or holding him in that position for a minimum length of time.

Sandra Bullock: …Sylvester Stallone, and the drama Wrestling Ernest Hemingway. Her big breakthrough, however, was the thriller Speed (1994), about a policeman (played by Keanu Reeves) who, with the assistance of a plucky passenger (Bullock), must deactivate a bomb on a bus. In 1996 Bullock earned a Golden Globe Award nomination for…

Frantz Fanon: …Damnés de la terre (1961; The Wretched of the Earth) established Fanon as a leading intellectual in the international decolonization movement; the preface to his book was written by Jean-Paul Sartre.

alternative rock: …to make what their bassist, D’Arcy, called “beautiful music that varies” out of many-hued guitar tones that cracked and frazzled. In 1991 Nirvana and producer Butch Vig released “Smells Like Teen Spirit,” from their epochal 1991 album, Nevermind. The sheer immediacy of its expert guitar distortions and layered orchestrations—influenced by…

alternative rock: …to make what their bassist, D’Arcy, called “beautiful music that varies” out of many-hued guitar tones that cracked and frazzled. In 1991 Nirvana and producer Butch Vig released “Smells Like Teen Spirit,” from their epochal 1991 album, Nevermind. The sheer immediacy of its expert guitar distortions and layered orchestrations—influenced by…

Wrexham, county borough, northeastern Wales, along the English border. It covers a lowland area in the east, where most of the population lives, and includes the peaks of Esclusham, Ruabon, and Cyrn-y-Brain in the northwest. In the southwest it extends into the Vale of Ceiriog and the surrounding

Wrexham, town and urban area (from 2011 built-up area), Wrexham county borough, historic county of Denbighshire (Sir Ddinbych), northeastern Wales. It is situated along the River Clywedog, about 5 miles (8 km) west of the border with Cheshire, England. Wrexham is an industrial and market hub, the

Mary Wells Lawrence: She cofounded the Wells Rich Greene (WRG) advertising agency, which became noted for its campaigns for Alka Seltzer (“Plop, Plop, Fizz, Fizz”), the Ford Motor Company (“Quality Is Job One”), and New York City (“I Love [represented by a heart icon] New York”).

War Resisters’ International (WRI), an international secular pacifist organization with headquarters in London and more than 80 associates in 40 countries. War Resisters’ International (WRI) was founded in 1921. As an antimilitarist organization, it adopted a declaration in its founding year that

World Resources Institute (WRI), research institute established in 1982 to promote environmentally sound and socially equitable development. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C. The World Resources Institute conducts extensive scientific research and analysis on global environmental and economic

Wright brothers, were American inventors and aviation pioneers who achieved the first powered, sustained, and controlled airplane flight (1903). Wilbur Wright (April 16, 1867, near Millville, Indiana, U.S.—May 30, 1912, Dayton, Ohio) and his brother Orville Wright (August 19, 1871, Dayton—January

Kitty Hawk: …at Kill Devil Hills is Wright Brothers National Memorial (1927; see photograph), commemorating the flight there of Wilbur and Orville Wright on December 17, 1903, the first powered airplane flight in the United States (see photograph). The name Kitty Hawk is probably derived from a Native American (Algonquian) name recorded…

David McCullough: …Journey: Americans in Paris (2011), The Wright Brothers (2015), and The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West (2019). The American Spirit: Who We Are and What We Stand For (2017) is a collection of McCullough’s speeches.

Wright brothers: Going into business: In November 1909 the Wright Company was incorporated with Wilbur as president, Orville as one of two vice presidents, and a board of trustees that included some of the leaders of American business. The Wright Company established a factory in Dayton and a flying field and flight school at…

stunt flying: …designs, the Wrights engaged professional exhibition pilots, who began performing ever more daring stunts. Eugène Lefebvre was the first engineer and chief pilot of the Wright company in France. (On September 7, 1909, Lefebvre was the first pilot to die in an airplane crash. In the text following, pilots who…

Wright flyer of 1903, first powered airplane to demonstrate sustained flight under the full control of the pilot. Designed and built by Wilbur and Orville Wright in Dayton, Ohio, it was assembled in the autumn of 1903 at a camp at the base of the Kill Devil Hills, near Kitty Hawk, a village on the

Wright flyer of 1905: …of 1903 and a second model of 1904, but it also incorporated several important improvements. First, it was powered by the same four-cylinder engine that had propelled the 1904 flyer, but constant operation had smoothed the pistons and cylinder walls, so that by the end of the 1905 flying season…

Wright flyer of 1905, third powered airplane designed, built, and flown by Wilbur and Orville Wright. It represented the final step in their quest for a practical airplane capable of staying aloft for extended periods of time under the complete control of the pilot. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929

stunt flying: …Wrights trained an exhibition team—the Wright Flyers—whose first outing was in June 1910, the stars of the team being Walter Brookins, Arch Hoxsey (died 1910), and Ralph Johnstone (died 1910). Brookins was famous for his spiral dives and steep turns employing 90 degrees of bank (i.e., with wings perpendicular to…

Wright glider of 1902, biplane glider designed and built by Wilbur and Orville Wright in Dayton, Ohio, during the late summer of 1902. Tested during the autumn of 1902 and again in 1903 at the Kill Devil Hills, four miles south of the village of Kitty Hawk on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, the

Wright military flyer of 1909, airplane built by Wilbur and Orville Wright and sold to the U.S. Army Signal Corps in July 1909. It was the world’s first military airplane. For the Wright brothers, it represented a first step in their efforts to produce marketable aircraft incorporating the

Joseph Wright was an English painter who was a pioneer in the artistic treatment of industrial subjects. He was also the best European painter of artificial light of his day. Wright was trained as a portrait painter by Thomas Hudson in the 1750s. Wright’s home was Derby, one of the great centres of

Dayton: …of Dayton (Roman Catholic; 1850), Wright State University (1967), the United Theological Seminary (United Methodist; 1871), Sinclair Community College (1887), and Miami-Jacobs (junior) Career College (1860). Dayton has an art institute, a museum of natural history, and a symphony orchestra. The Dayton home of poet Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872–1906) is…

Antarctica: Glaciation: …spectacular “dry valleys” as the Wright, Taylor, and Victoria valleys near McMurdo Sound. Doubt has been shed on the common belief that Antarctic ice has continuously persisted since its origin by the discovery reported in 1983 of Cenozoic marine diatoms—believed to date from the Pliocene Epoch (about 5.3 million to…

Charles Lanier Lawrance: …the engine later named the Wright Whirlwind by the Curtiss-Wright Company, of which he was chief of engineering. The Whirlwind, air-cooled with the aid of cooling fins on the cylinder heads, was improved in a succession of models for the U.S. Army and Navy and general aviation. By the mid-1920s…

Columbia, borough (town), Lancaster county, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies along the Susquehanna River, 12 miles (19 km) west of Lancaster. The site was settled (1726) by John Wright, a Quaker missionary to the Native Americans, who bought land and became a ferryman and judge. Known as

blood: Laboratory examination of blood: …with a special blood stain (Wright stain), and examined under the microscope. Individual red cells, white cells, and platelets are examined, and the relative proportions of the several classes of white cells are tabulated. The results may have important diagnostic implications. In iron-deficiency anemia, for example, the red cells look…

Willie Pep: …featherweight championship by beating American Albert (“Chalky”) Wright in a 15-round decision on Nov. 20, 1942. After defending this title with a 15-round decision over American Sal Bartolo on June 8, 1943, Pep served in the U.S. Army and then the U.S. Navy before being honourably discharged in 1945. His…

Archie Moore was an American boxer, world light-heavyweight champion from Dec. 17, 1952, when he defeated Joey Maxim in 15 rounds in St. Louis, Mo., until 1962, when he lost recognition as champion for failing to meet Harold Johnson, the leading 175-lb (80-kg) challenger. A professional boxer from

Benjamin Wright was an American engineer who directed the construction of the Erie Canal. Because he trained so many engineers on that project, Wright has been called the “father of American engineering.” He was trained as a surveyor in his youth, and, after his family moved to the vicinity of

Willie Pep: …featherweight championship by beating American Albert (“Chalky”) Wright in a 15-round decision on Nov. 20, 1942. After defending this title with a 15-round decision over American Sal Bartolo on June 8, 1943, Pep served in the U.S. Army and then the U.S. Navy before being honourably discharged in 1945. His…

Charles Wright is an American poet known for his lyricism and use of lush imagery in his poems about nature, life and death, and God. Wright attended Davidson College (B.A., 1957) in North Carolina, where he studied history. From 1957 to 1961 he served in the United States Army Intelligence Corps

realism: Modest objective truth: …especially by the English philosopher Crispin Wright.

Simon Pegg: …series, and collaborations with director Edgar Wright on the Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy: Shaun of the Dead (2004), Hot Fuzz (2007), and The World’s End (2013).

Dr. Dre: …Wit Attitudes) with fellow rappers Eazy-E and Ice Cube. The group’s second album, Straight Outta Compton (1988), was a breakthrough for the nascent gangsta rap movement, featuring explicit descriptions (and often glorifications) of street violence and drug dealing. While Dre appeared prominently as a rapper in N.W.A, his most-lauded role…

sociology: Social stratification: For example, Eric Olin Wright, in Classes (1985), introduced a 12-class scheme of occupational stratification based on ownership, supervisory control of work, and monopolistic knowledge. Wright’s book, an attack on the individualistic bias of attainment theory written from a Marxist perspective, drew on the traits of these…

Erykah Badu is an American rhythm-and-blues singer whose neo-soul vocals elicited comparisons to jazz legend Billie Holiday. Badu is the eldest of three children. Although she was never formally trained in music, she majored in dance and theatre at Grambling State University in Louisiana after

Little Anthony and the Imperials: ), Ernest Wright, Jr. (b. Aug. 24, 1941, Brooklyn), Tracy Lord, and Nat Rogers (byname of Glouster Rogers).