Costa-Gavras: …it was his next film, Z (1969), a powerfully dramatic description of political assassination in Greece, that brought him international acclaim. Z won the Academy Award for best foreign film, and Costa-Gavras earned an Oscar nomination for best director. It was followed by L’Aveu (1970; The Confession), about a communist…

muscle: The myofilament: …more appropriate to speak of Z disks. The area between two Z lines, a sarcomere, can be considered to be the primary structural and functional unit directly responsible for muscle contraction. The myofibril can thus be thought of as a stack of sarcomeres. The A band, which contains thick filaments…

Ferdynand Goetel: Z dnia na dzień (1926; From Day to Day) is a novel interesting for its use of the diary form within the main narrative as a means of exploring character.

Margot Robbie: …Pine in the postapocalyptic drama Z for Zachariah and appeared opposite Will Smith in the caper movie Focus. However, that year she gained the most notice for her uncredited appearance inAdam McKay’s The Big Short, in which she explained subprime loans while taking a bubble bath. In 2016 Robbie played…

muscle: The myofilament: …prominent dense line called the Z line, although in reality, considering the three-dimensional structure of the myofibril, it is more appropriate to speak of Z disks. The area between two Z lines, a sarcomere, can be considered to be the primary structural and functional unit directly responsible for muscle contraction.…

Z particle, massive electrically neutral carrier particle of the weak force that acts upon all known subatomic particles. It is the neutral partner of the electrically charged W particle. The Z particle has a mass of 91.19 gigaelectron volts (GeV; 109 eV), nearly 100 times that of the proton. The W

Armenian rite: …for each day; and the Z’amagirq, the book of hours, containing the prayers and psalms of the seven daily offices, primarily matins, prime, and vespers.

isomerism: Cis and trans forms: They are traditionally called cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene or, in slightly more modern terms, (Z)- and (E)-2-butene. The Z and E stand for the German words for “together” (zusammen) and “apart” (entgegen). In principle, cis- and trans-2-butene are conformational isomers; in theory, they could be interconverted by a simple rotation…

nucleic acid: Chemical structure: Left-handed Z-DNA forms most readily in strands that contain sequences with alternating purines and pyrimidines. DNA can form triple helices when two strands containing runs of pyrimidines interact with a third strand containing a run of purines.

China: Conflicts within the international alliance: …30 more Chinese divisions (Z-Force). The campaign to open a land route across northern Burma had run into serious difficulty. At the first Cairo Conference in November, Chiang met Churchill and Roosevelt for the first time. The Cairo Declaration issued there promised that, following the war, Manchuria, Taiwan, and…

statistics: Outliers: A z-score can be computed for each data value. With x representing the data value, x̄ the sample mean, and s the sample standard deviation, the z-score is given by z = (x − x̄)/s. The z-score represents the relative position of the data value by…

metabolic bone disease: …can also be expressed as Z scores. A Z score of 0 is the mean bone density of people of the same age, sex, and genetic background. Low T or Z scores are associated with an increased risk of bone fracture.

Turkic languages: Linguistic history: …into two types early on, Common Turkic and Bolgar Turkic. The language of the Proto-Bolgars, reportedly similar to the Khazar language, belonged to the latter type. Its only modern representative is Chuvash, which originated in Volga Bolgarian and exhibits archaic features. Bolgar Turkic and Common Turkic differ in regular phonetic…

twisting: …to the right, described as Z twist, or to the left, described as S twist.

Zuse computer: …machines were really calculators—not computers—his Z3, completed in December 1941 (and destroyed on April 6, 1945, during an Allied air raid on Berlin), was the first program-controlled processor.

Zuse computer: Zuse began construction of the Z4 in 1943 with funding from the German Air Ministry. Like his Z3, the Z4 used electromechanical relays, in part because of the difficulty in acquiring the roughly 2,000 necessary vacuum tubes in wartime Germany. The Z4 was evacuated from Berlin in early 1945, and…

tablet computer: …tablet computers were Cambridge Research’s Z88 and Linus Technologies’ Write-Top, which were introduced in 1987. The Z88 accepted input through a keyboard that was part of the main tablet unit, while the Write-Top accepted input through a stylus. Weighing 0.9 kg (2 pounds), the Z88 was much more portable than…

za, in feudal Japan, any of the mercantile or craft guilds that flourished about 1100–1590. They did not become fully organized until the Muromachi period (1338–1573), when they began to monopolize the production, transport, and sale of merchandise. In exchange for certain fees, the za enjoyed

zinc processing: Casting alloys: …resistance is required, whereas alloys ZA 12 and ZA 27 are general-purpose foundry alloys used in sand-casting, permanent-mold-casting, and cold-chamber pressure die-casting.

zinc processing: Casting alloys: …whereas alloys ZA 12 and ZA 27 are general-purpose foundry alloys used in sand-casting, permanent-mold-casting, and cold-chamber pressure die-casting.

zinc processing: Casting alloys: ZA 8 is an alloy used for gravity-cast parts in which improved creep resistance is required, whereas alloys ZA 12 and ZA 27 are general-purpose foundry alloys used in sand-casting, permanent-mold-casting, and cold-chamber pressure die-casting.

Mekong River: Physiography: …including its principal headstream, the Za Qu River, rise at an elevation of more than 16,000 feet (4,900 metres) on the north slope of the Tanggula Mountains in Qinghai province. They flow southeast through the Qamdo (Chamdo) region of Tibet, where the Za Qu joins other headstreams to form the…

zinc processing: Casting alloys: …now known internationally as the ZA series. ZA 8 is an alloy used for gravity-cast parts in which improved creep resistance is required, whereas alloys ZA 12 and ZA 27 are general-purpose foundry alloys used in sand-casting, permanent-mold-casting, and cold-chamber pressure die-casting.

Noord-Holland: …Zaanstreek industrial area, particularly at Zaandam.

Zaanstad, gemeente (municipality), western Netherlands. It lies along the Zaan River near its junction with the North Sea Canal. An industrial area 6 miles (10 km) northwest of Amsterdam, Zaanstad was created in 1974 at the merger of the former municipalities of Zaandam, Koog aan de Zaan, Zaandijk,

zaatar, spice mix used in Levantine cuisine. The spice mixture zaatar is generally considered to be named for one of the mixture’s primary ingredients, an herb called zaʿatar in Arabic, usually thyme. Though there are a number of variations, zaatar often includes an amalgam of thyme, oregano, and

Tigris-Euphrates river system: Physiography of the Tigris: …the left-bank junctions with the Great Zab and Little Zab rivers. During flood time, in March and April, the two Zabs double the volume of the Tigris, but their flow is controlled by the Bakhma and Dukān dams. The rapids of Al-Fatḥah Gorge impede navigation.

Tigris-Euphrates river system: Physiography of the Tigris: …with the Great Zab and Little Zab rivers. During flood time, in March and April, the two Zabs double the volume of the Tigris, but their flow is controlled by the Bakhma and Dukān dams. The rapids of Al-Fatḥah Gorge impede navigation.

Iraq: The northeast of Iraq: …notably the Great and Little Zab rivers and the Diyālā and ʿUẓaym (Adhaim) rivers. These streams weave tortuously south and southwest, cutting through ridges in a number of gorges, notably the Rū Kuchūk gorge, northeast of Barzān, and the Bēkma gorge, west of Rawāndūz town. The highest mountain ridges contain…

Anatolian religion: The pantheon: …is concealed behind the logogram ZABABA, the name of the Mesopotamian war god. His Hattian name was Wurunkatti, his Hurrian counterpart Hesui. His Hattian name meant “king of the land.”

Montevideo: …was founded in 1726 by Bruno Mauricio de Zabala, governor of Buenos Aires, to counteract the Portuguese advance into the area from Brazil. During its early years, Montevideo was mostly a Spanish garrison town. Trade expanded toward the end of the colonial period, and Montevideo’s merchants played an important part…

Sohn Kee-Chung: The Defiant One: The early leader was Argentine Juan Carlos Zabala—the favourite and the defending champion from the 1932 Games. Zabala emerged far in front of the pack, but his strategy backfired as the race wore on. Sohn, who was running with Great Britain’s Ernest Harper, gradually gained on Zabala and eventually passed…

history of Europe: Renaissance science and technology: Renaissance philosophers, most notably Jacopo Zabarella, analyzed and formulated the rules of the deductive and inductive methods by which scientists worked, while certain ancient philosophies enriched the ways in which scientists conceived of phenomena. Pythagoreanism, for example, conveyed a vision of a harmonious geometric universe that helped form the…

Zabaykalye, kray (territory) in Siberia, Russia. The territory was created in 2008 by the merger of the former oblast (region) of Chita with the former autonomous okrug (district) of Agin Buryat. The name of the territory means “east of Lake Baikal.” Although Zabaykalye and Lake Baikal are not

Zabaykalye, kray (territory) in Siberia, Russia. The territory was created in 2008 by the merger of the former oblast (region) of Chita with the former autonomous okrug (district) of Agin Buryat. The name of the territory means “east of Lake Baikal.” Although Zabaykalye and Lake Baikal are not

history of Mesopotamia: The Parthian period: …capital was located; Gordyene and Zabdicene (near modern Çölemerik in eastern Turkey), located to the east of Sophene; and Osroene, with its capital Edessa (modern Urfa, Turkey), which lay inside the Roman sphere of influence. Rule over so many small kingdoms gave Mithradates II the title “King of Kings,” also…

Zarma, a people of westernmost Niger and adjacent areas of Burkina Faso and Nigeria. The Zarma speak a dialect of Songhai, a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family, and are considered to be a branch of the Songhai people. The Zarma live in the arid lands of the Sahel. Many live in the Niger

Zabīd, town, western Yemen. It lies on the bank of the Wadi Zabīd and at the eastern fringe of the Tihāmah coastal plain, about 10 miles (16 km) from the Red Sea coast. An ancient Yemeni centre, Zabīd was refounded in 820 ce by the Abbasids under Muḥammad ibn Ziyād, emissary of the caliph

Durmitor: …highest settlement of the region, Žabljak, is a tourist centre; winter sports are popular. Livestock breeding is carried on in the valleys.

Polish literature: The rise of the Polish drama: …or Krakovians and Highlanders”); and Franciszek Zabłocki, who is important for Fircyk w zalotach (1781; “The Dandy’s Courtship”) and Sarmatyzm (1785; “Sarmatian Ways”). Aleksander Fredro’s comedies appeared when the Romantic movement was under way, and in them the influences of Molière and Carlo Goldoni are evident, as his Zemsta (1834;…

Michelangelo Antonioni: Life: …and his first American film, Zabriskie Point, in 1970. He was responsible for shaping the career of the actress Monica Vitti, whose exquisite, mysterious presence provided the warming touch of human interest that assured L’avventura, despite its puzzling narrative structure and obscurity of motive, its breakthrough to a large international…

Zabrze, city, Śląskie województwo (province), southern Poland. It is situated in the Upper Silesian industrial district. Zabrze became Prussian in 1742, and in 1921, when Upper Silesia was partitioned between Poland and Germany, it remained in German hands. Badly damaged in World War II, it was

India: Revenue system: This system, called ẓabṭ, was applied in northern India and in Malwa and parts of Gujarat. The earlier practices (e.g., crop sharing), however, also were in vogue in the empire. The new system encouraged rapid economic expansion. Moneylenders and grain dealers became increasingly active in the countryside.

Muhammad Iqbal: Early life and career: In 1927 Zabūr-e ʿAjam (“Persian Psalms”) appeared, about which A.J. Arberry, its translator into English, wrote that “Iqbal displayed here an altogether extraordinary talent for the most delicate and delightful of all Persian styles, the ghazal,” or love poem. Jāvīd-nāmeh (1932; “The Song of Eternity”) is considered…

country music: Miranda Lambert, the Zac Brown Band, and Chris Stapleton, among others. Despite its embrace of other popular styles, country music retained an unmistakable character as one of the few truly indigenous American musical styles.

industrial glass: Glass melting: refractories became commercially available—particularly the ZAC refractory (35 percent zirconia, 53 percent alumina, and 12 percent silica) developed by Gordon Fulcher at Corning Glass Works in New York. These refractories displayed extremely high resistance to corrosion during continuous contact with glass at elevated temperatures and paved the way to the…

Zacapa, town, eastern Guatemala, situated at 738 feet (225 metres) above sea level along the San José River. Although the town is old, it grew greatly in size and importance only after the Puerto Barrios–Guatemala City railroad was completed; it is the junction of the line from El Salvador. Zacapa

Zacapú, city, north-central Michoacán estado (state), west-central Mexico. It is in the Nahuatzén Mountains, 6,500 feet (1,980 metres) above sea level, and lies west of Morelia, the state capital. Agriculture and livestock raising are the principal sources of income, the main crops being wheat,

Zacapú, city, north-central Michoacán estado (state), west-central Mexico. It is in the Nahuatzén Mountains, 6,500 feet (1,980 metres) above sea level, and lies west of Morelia, the state capital. Agriculture and livestock raising are the principal sources of income, the main crops being wheat,

Zacatecas, estado (state), north-central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Coahuila to the north, San Luis Potosí to the east, Jalisco and Aguascalientes to the south, and Nayarit and Durango to the west. Its capital is the city of Zacatecas. The state’s territory lies largely within the arid

Zacatecas, city, capital of Zacatecas estado (state), north-central Mexico. Located in the southern part of the state, it lies in a deep narrow ravine, about 8,200 feet (2,500 meters) above sea level. The city’s name means “place where zacate grass grows.” The historic center of Zacatecas was

Zacatecoluca, city, southern El Salvador. It lies in the Lempa River valley, at the foot of San Vicente Volcano. A commercial centre for the surrounding agricultural area, it also trades in cotton goods, baskets, salt, and lumber and produces cement. An earthquake in 1932 caused severe damage to

Middle American Indian: The prehistoric period: …of Mexico at El Arbolillo, Zacatenco, Tlatilco, and, finally, Ticoman. The same developmental sequence occurred in the Formative period of highland Guatemala, as shown in the excavations at Kaminaljuyú near Guatemala City.

rabbit: Diversity and conservation status: The volcano rabbit, or zacatuche, inhabits dense undergrowth of bunchgrass in pine forests in the high mountains surrounding Mexico City. A population of only about 6,000 remains in fragments of habitat. The pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) is closely related to the cottontails and occupies mature sagebrush…

Benedetto Zaccaria was a Genoese merchant, diplomat, and admiral, hero of a decisive Genoese naval victory over Pisa at Meloria (1284). In 1264 Zaccaria was named Genoese ambassador to the Byzantine emperor, Michael VIII Paleologus, who bestowed on him and his brother Manuele the fief of Phocaea,

Greece: The Peloponnese: …the title to her nephew Centurione II Zaccaria, who lost much of the territory to the Byzantine despotate of the Morea. In 1430 he married his daughter to the Byzantine despotēs Thomas Palaeologus, handing over his remaining lands as her dowry. From that time on, the Byzantine despotate of the…

Greece: The Peloponnese: …was succeeded by his widow, Maria Zaccaria, representative of an important Genoese merchant and naval family. She passed the title to her nephew Centurione II Zaccaria, who lost much of the territory to the Byzantine despotate of the Morea. In 1430 he married his daughter to the Byzantine despotēs Thomas…

Saint Antonio Maria Zaccaria ; canonized May 27, 1897; feast day July 5) was an Italian priest, physician, and founder of the congregation of Clerks Regular of St. Paul, or Barnabites, a religious order devoted to the study of the Pauline Letters. Receiving his doctorate in medicine from the

Geraldine Ferraro was an American Democratic politician who was the first woman to be nominated for vice president by a major political party in the United States; as such, she served as Walter Mondale’s running mate in the 1984 presidential election. Ferraro was the daughter of Italian immigrants.

Lodovico Zacconi was an Italian musicologist, last of a distinguished line of Renaissance writers on music. Zacconi became a priest, later an Augustinian, and studied music with Andrea Gabrieli in Venice, where he was musical director for his order. He went to Vienna in 1585 at the invitation of

Franz Xaver von Zach was a German Hungarian astronomer noted for being the nexus of astronomical information in Europe in the early 19th century. Zach was educated at a Jesuit seminary and later evinced extreme enmity toward Jesuits. He became attracted to astronomy at age 15, when he viewed a

Franz Xaver von Zach was a German Hungarian astronomer noted for being the nexus of astronomical information in Europe in the early 19th century. Zach was educated at a Jesuit seminary and later evinced extreme enmity toward Jesuits. He became attracted to astronomy at age 15, when he viewed a

Zechariah was a Jewish prophet whose preachings are recorded in one of the shorter prophetical books in the Old Testament, the Book of Zechariah

Jacopo della Quercia: …artist, he completed only the Zacharias in the Temple, the second being assigned to Donatello. Jacopo’s main work is the sculpture around the portal of San Petronio at Bologna. The 10 scenes from Genesis, including The Creation of Eve, 5 scenes from the early life of Christ, the reliefs of…

Sir Basil Zaharoff was an international armaments dealer and financier. Reputedly one of the richest men in the world, he was described as a “merchant of death” and the “mystery man of Europe.” He was the son of poor Greek parents who had Russified the family name during years spent in exile in

Book of Zechariah, the 11th of 12 Old Testament books that bear the names of the Minor Prophets, collected in the Jewish canon in one book, The Twelve. Only chapters 1–8 contain the prophecies of Zechariah; chapters 9–14 must be attributed to at least two other, unknown authors. Scholars thus refer

Saint Zacharias ; feast day March 15) was the pope from 741 to 752. The last of the Greek popes, Zacharias was supposedly a Roman deacon when he succeeded Pope St. Gregory III in November/December 741. His pontificate was devoted to diplomatic relations with the Lombard and Frankish kingdoms and

industrial glass: Science in glassmaking: Zachariasen published The Atomic Arrangement in Glass, a classic paper that had perhaps the most influence of any published work on glass science. Zachariasen’s work placed the understanding of glass structure and its relationship to composition on its modern footing. The principles of his atomic…

Saint Zacharias ; feast day March 15) was the pope from 741 to 752. The last of the Greek popes, Zacharias was supposedly a Roman deacon when he succeeded Pope St. Gregory III in November/December 741. His pontificate was devoted to diplomatic relations with the Lombard and Frankish kingdoms and

Zachodniopomorskie, województwo (province), northwestern Poland. Created in 1999 as part of Poland’s provincial reorganization, it comprises the former (1975–98) provinces of Szczecin and Koszalin, as well as portions of the former provinces of Gorzów, Piła, and Słupsk. It is bordered to the north

George Frideric Handel: Life: …in Halle of the composer Friedrich W. Zachow, learning the principles of keyboard performance and composition from him. His father died when Handel was 11, but his education had been provided for, and in 1702 he enrolled as a law student at the University of Halle. He also became organist…

Zacynthus, island, southernmost and third largest of the Ionian Islands (Modern Greek: Iónia Nisiá) of Greece, lying off the west coast of the Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos). Including the tiny Strotádhes Islands to the south, it constitutes a dímos (municipality) and perifereiakí enótita (regional

Seth Rogen: …with a lead role in Zack and Miri Make a Porno (2008) and a handful of animated features, which utilized his distinctive voice.

Zack Snyder: Career: …of the film for HBO, Zack Snyder’s Justice League (2021). Snyder’s cut includes reshoots and reworked scenes, extending the original two-hour film into a four-hour epic.

stained glass: 20th century: …window created by the sculptor Léon Zack for the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Pauvres (1955) in Issy-les-Moulineaux, remarkable for its daring sequence of colour harmonies and delicate lead line motifs reminiscent of the art of Paul Klee. The stained-glass windows of Georges Braque, Jacques Villon, Georges Rouault, Marc Chagall, and Alfred Manessier…

Western painting: Early Gothic: …and angular style called the Zackenstil. In the Soest altar (c. 1230–40; now in the Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin), for example, the drapery is shaped into abrupt angular forms and often falls to a sharp point, like an icicle.

Natalie Wood was an American film actress who transitioned from child stardom to a successful movie career as an adult. She was best known for ingenue roles that traded on her youthful appeal. Zacharenko was born to Russian immigrant parents. She began appearing in movies at age five and received

Ilos, in Greek mythology, the founder of Ilion (Troy). Ilos (or Zacynthus, a Cretan name) has been identified either as the brother of Erichthonius or as the son of Tros and grandson of Erichthonius. According to legend, the king of Phrygia gave Ilos 50 young men, 50 girls, and a spotted cow as a

Zacynthus, island, southernmost and third largest of the Ionian Islands (Modern Greek: Iónia Nisiá) of Greece, lying off the west coast of the Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos). Including the tiny Strotádhes Islands to the south, it constitutes a dímos (municipality) and perifereiakí enótita (regional

Zadar, picturesque historical town in southwestern Croatia, the former capital of Dalmatia. It is located on the end of a low-lying peninsula that is separated by the Zadar Channel from the islands of Ugljan and Pašman. The inlet between the peninsula and the mainland creates a natural deepwater

tzaddiq, one who embodies the religious ideals of Judaism. In the Bible, a tzaddiq is a just or righteous man (Genesis 6:9), who, if a ruler, rules justly or righteously (II Samuel 23:3) and who takes joy in justice (Proverbs 21:15). The Talmud (compendium of Jewish law, lore, and commentary)

tzaddiq, one who embodies the religious ideals of Judaism. In the Bible, a tzaddiq is a just or righteous man (Genesis 6:9), who, if a ruler, rules justly or righteously (II Samuel 23:3) and who takes joy in justice (Proverbs 21:15). The Talmud (compendium of Jewish law, lore, and commentary)

fuzzy logic: Fuzzy sets: In 1965 Lotfi Zadeh, an engineering professor at the University of California at Berkeley, proposed a mathematical definition of those classes that lack precisely defined criteria of membership. Zadeh called them fuzzy sets. Membership in a fuzzy set may be indicated by any number from 0 to…

Voltaire: Life with Mme du Châtelet: Zadig (1747) is a kind of allegorical autobiography: like Voltaire, the Babylonian sage Zadig suffers persecution, is pursued by ill fortune, and ends by doubting the tender care of Providence for human beings.

Ossip Zadkine was a Russian-born French sculptor known for his dramatic Cubist-inspired sculptures of the human figure. As a boy, Zadkine, the son of a professor of Greek and Latin, preferred clay modeling to his studies. In 1905 his father sent him to stay with relatives in England in order to

cohen: …who is a descendant of Zadok, founder of the priesthood of Jerusalem when the First Temple was built by Solomon (10th century bc) and through Zadok related to Aaron, the first Jewish priest, who was appointed to that office by his younger brother, Moses. Though laymen such as Gideon, David,…

Zadok the Priest, the most popular of George Frideric Handel’s four coronation anthems for George II; the others of which are “Let Thy Hand Be Strengthened,” “The King Shall Rejoice,” and “My Heart Is Inditing.” All the anthems, including “Zadok the Priest,” premiered on October 11, 1727, when

Zadok the Priest, the most popular of George Frideric Handel’s four coronation anthems for George II; the others of which are “Let Thy Hand Be Strengthened,” “The King Shall Rejoice,” and “My Heart Is Inditing.” All the anthems, including “Zadok the Priest,” premiered on October 11, 1727, when

priesthood: Ancient Judaism: …Aaron, in spite of the Zadokites claiming priestly descent from Eleazar as an “everlasting covenant” (Numbers 18:2–7, 25:13; I Chronicles 24:37). The Zadokites may have represented the survival of an ancient Jebusite (Canaanite) royal priesthood, giving them special duties and privileges in the Temple worship above those of the Levites.…

Damascus Document, one of the most important extant works of the ancient Essene community of Jews at Qumrān in Palestine. The Essenes fled to the Judaean desert wilderness around Qumrān during Antiochus IV Epiphanes’ persecution of Palestinian Jews from 175 to 164/163 bc. Though a precise date for

Russian literature: Moscow’s ascendancy: …of the Igor Tale, the Zadonshchina (attributed to Sofony of Ryazan and composed no later than 1393) glorifies Dmitry Donskoy.

Golden Globe Award: …that the husband of actress Pia Zadora, the winner of an award that was widely considered to be undeserved, had furnished voters with various favours. Both incidents resulted in the disappearance of the ceremony from network television for several years.

Alexander the Great: Campaign eastward to Central Asia: … to the Caspian, he seized Zadracarta in Hyrcania and received the submission of a group of satraps and Persian notables, some of whom he confirmed in their offices; in a diversion westward, perhaps to modern Āmol, he reduced the Mardi, a mountain people who inhabited the Elburz Mountains. He also…

Serbia: Cultural life: A distinctive feature is the zadruga, a corporate family group of 100 or more individuals that originally worked the land under the direction of family elders. The zadruga functioned as a rural tradition well into the communist era. The advent of modern public services, however, took a toll on this…

Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev, Count Zadunaysky was a Russian army officer who distinguished himself in the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) against Prussia and in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74). As governor-general of Ukraine (from November 1764), he was responsible for integrating the region more

pichi, South American species of armadillo

R.C. Zaehner was a British historian of religion who investigated the evolution of ethical systems and forms of mysticism, particularly in Eastern religions. The son of Swiss parents who had immigrated to England, Zaehner studied Oriental languages at the University of Oxford, specializing in

R.C. Zaehner was a British historian of religion who investigated the evolution of ethical systems and forms of mysticism, particularly in Eastern religions. The son of Swiss parents who had immigrated to England, Zaehner studied Oriental languages at the University of Oxford, specializing in

Pieter Saenredam was a painter and draftsman, pioneer of the “church portrait,” and the first Dutch artist to abandon the tradition of fanciful architectural painting in favour of a new realism in the rendering of specific buildings. His paintings of churches show a scrupulous neatness and

Greece: Greece’s debt crisis: …Tsipras and Macedonian Prime Minister Zoran Zaev announced that they had reached an agreement (which became known as the Prespa Agreement by virtue of its signing on the banks of Lake Prespa) under which Macedonia would be known both domestically and internationally as the Republic of North Macedonia. According to…