Vasily Aksyonov: (1960; Colleagues), Zvezdnyi bilet (1961; A Ticket to the Stars), and Apelsiny iz Morokko (1963; “Oranges from Morocco”) are fast-moving narratives dealing with youthful rebels and misfits in Soviet society. In these books Aksyonov excels in reproducing the racy slang and jargon of characters who are attracted to Western culture…

Zvishavane, town, south-central Zimbabwe. Its name is derived from shavani, a Sindebele word meaning “finger millet” or “trading together.” Surrounded by low hills, it is on direct rail links to Harare (formerly Salisbury) and Bulawayo in Zimbabwe and to Maputo in Mozambique. The adjacent asbestos

bell chime: The Russian zvony (“chimes”) are sets of stationary bells rung by pulling ropes attached to clappers. They date from the 9th century but are rarely heard today. The zvon plays repetitious rhythmic patterns that form a part of the liturgy of the Orthodox Church. See also bell;…

Novohrad-Volynskyy, city, western Ukraine. It lies at the confluence of the Sluch and Smilka rivers. Documents first record the existence of the town in 1257. It was incorporated in 1795, before which it was known as Zvyahel. It contains the ruins of a 14th-century castle. The city’s industries

Lewes, city, Sussex county, southeastern Delaware, U.S. It lies at the mouth of Delaware Bay just west of Cape Henlopen (state park), where it is protected by Delaware Breakwater (built 1828–35). Founded in 1631 by Dutch colonists, it was the first white settlement along the Delaware River.

Hendrick Zwaardecroon was the governor-general (1718–25) of the Dutch East Indies who introduced the cultivation of export crops there. Zwaardecroon went to the Indies in 1684 as secretary to the commissioner-general of the Dutch East India Company and advanced steadily until he was appointed

Zwangendaba was an African king who led his Jere people on a monumental migration of more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) that lasted more than 20 years. A leader of incomparable stature, he took his initially small group (later called the Ngoni) from its original home near modern Swaziland to the

graphic design: Modernist experiments between the world wars: …number of Dutch designers, including Piet Zwart, drew upon the Modernist vocabulary of form and colour to develop unique personal approaches to graphic design, applying their vision to the needs of clients. While working at an architectural firm in the early 1920s, Zwart received commissions for graphic-design projects by happenstance.…

Paul Verhoeven: …his next movie, Zwartboek (2006; Black Book), another story of the Dutch resistance in Nazi-occupied Netherlands. The drama—which he wrote with Gerard Soeteman, a frequent collaborator—was a triumph. After the minor comedy Steekspel (2012; Tricked), Verhoeven won widespread praise and a nomination for the top prize at the Cannes film…

Berber languages: Tashelhait, Shilha), Tarifit, Kabyle, Tamazight, and Tamahaq. The family may also include extinct languages such as the Guanche languages of the Canary Islands, Old Libyan (Numidian), and Old Mauretanian, which are known from inscriptions but have not yet been studied thoroughly enough to make any affirmative generalizations about…

Rudolf von Jhering: …the 20th century was his Law As a Means to an End, 2 vol. (1877–83; originally in German), which maintained that the purpose of law was the protection of individual and societal interests by coordinating them and thus minimizing occasions for conflict. Where conflict was unavoidable, he assigned greater weight…

Zwedru, town, southeastern Liberia. Zwedru has expanded into an important administrative, marketing, and traffic centre. It is surrounded by rubber plantations and diamond mines; cattle are abundant. Rubber, coffee, cocoa, piassava, sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits are collected there from the

Martin Buber: From mysticism to dialogue.: In his Zwei Glaubensweisen (1950) he construed two religious types according to their approach to God: one called by the Hebrew term for trust, emuna, spelling mutual confidence between God and man (I and Thou), and the other called by the Greek term for faith, pistis, spelling…

Liv Ullmann: …Darkly) and Zwei leben (2012; Two Lives). In addition, Ullmann directed the films Sofie (1992); Kristin Lavransdatter (1995); Trolösa (1999; Faithless), for which Bergman wrote the screenplay; and Miss Julie (2014), which she adapted from August Strindberg’s play of the same name.

Richard Dehmel: …of his cyclical epic poem, Zwei Menschen (1903; “Two People”). His treatment of sexual themes was not only passionate but, for the times, shockingly frank.

Arnold Zweig was a German writer best known for his novel Der Streit um den Sergeanten Grischa (1927; The Case of Sergeant Grischa). In 1933 Zweig left Germany for Czechoslovakia. He later lived as an émigré in Palestine until 1948, when he moved to East Germany. He served as president of the East

quark: Quark flavours: (The American physicist George Zweig developed a similar theory independently that same year and called his fundamental particles “aces.”) Gell-Mann’s model provided a simple picture in which all mesons are shown as consisting of a quark and an antiquark and all baryons as composed of three quarks. It…

Stefan Zweig was an Austrian writer who achieved distinction in several genres—poetry, essays, short stories, and dramas—most notably in his interpretations of imaginary and historical characters. Zweig was raised in Vienna. His first book, a volume of poetry, was published in 1901. He received a

children’s literature: National and modern literature: According to the historian Eva von Zweigbergk, didacticism (“diligence, obedience, and moderation”) obtained up to the 1920s, though she also views the period 1890–1915 as Sweden’s Golden Age. It included not only Nils but the emergence of a school of creators of picture books for small children headed by…

Germany: Broadcasting: …by a second television network, ZDF (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen), which is based in Mainz. A third channel is operated by ARD but is organized and broadcast regionally, with special emphasis placed on local and regional events and school instruction, as well as on educational, informational, and fine arts programs. The…

Zwelitsha, town, Eastern Cape province, South Africa. It was the provisional capital (1981–94) of the republic of Ciskei. The town is located directly south of King William’s Town. It was established in 1946 as a residential area for employees of the nearby Da Gama textile factory owned by the Good

Miniature Pinscher, breed of toy dog originating in Germany, perhaps as early as the 1600s. The dog may have been used for ratting or for companionship. Although it resembles a miniaturized version of the Doberman Pinscher, the dog likely was the result of the crossbreeding of German Pinschers,

Albert and David Maysles: Both films were made with Charlotte Zwerin. Perhaps Albert and David’s best-known documentary was Grey Gardens (1975), an examination of the eccentric socialites Edith Bouvier Beale and her daughter, “Little Edie.” The film inspired a highly acclaimed Broadway musical (2006–07) and a television movie (2009). The brothers earned an Academy…

Arthur van Schendel: …Wanderer in Love”) and Een zwerver verdwaald (1907; “A Lost Wanderer”) are set in medieval Italy, but the historical aspect is subordinated to the inner life and imagination of the hero, Tamalone. The force of destiny is felt throughout, and Schendel’s muted, sober use of language intensifies the tragic note.

Arthur van Schendel: His first important novels Een zwerver verliefd (1904; “A Wanderer in Love”) and Een zwerver verdwaald (1907; “A Lost Wanderer”) are set in medieval Italy, but the historical aspect is subordinated to the inner life and imagination of the hero, Tamalone. The force of destiny is felt throughout, and…

Silesia: …Śląska) in 1990 and the Union of People of Silesian Nationality (Związek Ludności Narodowości Śląskiej) in 1996. Central to the controversial assertion of Silesian nationality were conflicting linguistic interpretations: some scholars (and Silesian nationalists) argued that Silesian was a language unto itself, while other scholars (and the Polish government) classified…

Zwickau, city, Saxony Land (state), Germany. It lies on the Zwickauer Mulde River, at the entrance to the western Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge), south of Leipzig. Slavic in origin, it was mentioned in 1118 as a trading centre. It developed as a German imperial city between 1135 and 1145 and became a

Thomas Müntzer: Early life and career: Driven away from Zwickau in 1521, Müntzer sought on trips to Saaz (Žatec) and Prague to gain the support of the Taborites, a Bohemian group that followed the teaching of Jan Hus, a 15th-century reformer. In Prague he also published a manifesto proclaiming the start of the final…

Fritz Zwicky was a Swiss astronomer and physicist who made valuable contributions to the theory and understanding of supernovas (stars that for a short time are far brighter than normal). Zwicky received a doctorate in physics (1922) from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, and

Sobhuza I: …from the Ndwandwe chieftaincy under Zwide, Sobhuza began to migrate with his people north of the Usutu River, where he was attacked on several more occasions. After the destruction of the Ndwandwe in the mid-1820s (attributed to the Zulu under Shaka), Sobhuza returned south to the Ezulwini valley (southern Swaziland),…

Heinrich Hoffmann was a German physician and writer who is best known for his creation of Struwwelpeter (“Slovenly Peter”), a boy whose wild appearance is matched by his naughty behaviour. Peter appeared in Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder mit füntzehn schön kolorten Tafeln für Kinder von

children’s literature: Norway: With this period are associated Dikken Zwilgmeyer, author of the “Inger Johanne” series about a small-town little girl; Barbra Ring, creator of the popular “Peik” stories and of a play The Princess and the Fiddler, which was produced yearly at the National Theatre in Oslo; Gabriel Scott; and the fairy-tale…

Ellen Taaffe Zwilich is an American composer, the first woman to be awarded the Pulitzer Prize in composition. Taaffe began composing as a child, and, by the time she finished high school, she had studied piano, violin, and trumpet. After receiving both a bachelor’s (1960) and a master’s (1962)

Friedrich Maximilian von Klinger: The best of these works, Die Zwillinge (1776; “The Twins”), like Schiller’s Die Räuber (“The Robbers”), deals with a favourite theme of the period, the enmity of brothers.

Zwinger, historical landmark complex in Dresden, Germany, that houses parts of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden (Dresden State Art Collections). It is considered one of the best examples of Baroque architecture. The Zwinger (begun 1709 and completed 1719) was commissioned by Augustus II, king

Zwinger, historical landmark complex in Dresden, Germany, that houses parts of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden (Dresden State Art Collections). It is considered one of the best examples of Baroque architecture. The Zwinger (begun 1709 and completed 1719) was commissioned by Augustus II, king

Huldrych Zwingli was the most important reformer in the Swiss Protestant Reformation. He founded the Swiss Reformed Church and was an important figure in the broader Reformed tradition. Like Martin Luther, he accepted the supreme authority of the Scriptures, but he applied it more rigorously and

Balthasar Hubmaier: Persecuted even by the Zwinglians for his beliefs, he was arrested in 1525 at Zürich and forced to recant his views. Subsequently, however, he resumed his Anabaptist proselytizing, first in Augsburg and later in Nikolsburg, Moravia (now Mikulov, Czech Republic), where the ruling elite largely welcomed colonies of Anabaptists…

Josef Weinheber: …songs using folk tunes; and Zwischen Göttern und Dämonen (1938; “Between Gods and Demons”), a volume comprising four odes on the poet’s vision of reality. Weinheber later released Kammermusik (1939; “Chamber Music”). He committed suicide as the Soviet Red Army approached Vienna in 1945. Hier ist das Wort (1947; “Here…

Otto Ludwig: …Zwischen Himmel und Erde (1855; Between Heaven and Earth). His Shakespeare-Studien (1891) showed him to be a discriminating critic, but his preoccupation with literary theory proved something of a hindrance to his success as a creative writer.

Richard Dehmel: …last work, a war diary, Zwischen Volk und Menschheit (1919; “Between People and Humanity”). His other major works are Weib und Welt (1896; “Woman and World”), Die Verwandlungen der Venus (1907; “The Transformations of Venus”), and Schöne wilde Welt (1913; “Beautiful, Wild World”).

Zwischengoldgläser, (German: “gold between glasses”), drinking glasses decorated with engraving in gold leaf laminated between two pieces of glass. The term is usually applied to beakers, goblets, and tumblers produced in Bohemia during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, but examples have been

liquid: Solutions of electrolytes: …the other is called a zwitterion. Very large molecules, such as those of proteins, may have numerous positive and negative charges; such molecules are called polyelectrolytes. In solution, the conformation (i.e., the three-dimensional structure) of a large, charged molecule is strongly dependent on the ionic strength of the dissolving medium;…

Zwolle, gemeente (municipality), north-central Netherlands, on the Zwarte Water (river). Chartered in 1230, it was a member of the Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages and a stronghold until its ramparts were destroyed in 1674 during the Anglo-Dutch Wars. It is now a commercial center and rail

Vladimir Zworykin was a Russian-born American electronic engineer and the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope television systems. Zworykin studied at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, where from 1910 to 1912 he assisted physicist Boris Rosing in his experiments with a television

Vladimir Zworykin was a Russian-born American electronic engineer and the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope television systems. Zworykin studied at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, where from 1910 to 1912 he assisted physicist Boris Rosing in his experiments with a television

Awangarda Krakowska: …centring around a local periodical, Zwrotnica (1922–27; “Switch”). Tadeusz Peiper, the first poet in Poland to advance a poetics opposed to that of the Skamander group of poets (who had turned toward the classical in their effort to forge a modernist poetry), was Zwrotnica’s editor from 1922 to 1923 and…

bupropion, drug that is used to treat depression, to prevent depression in persons with seasonal affective disorder, or sometimes to aid in smoking cessation. Bupropion typically is taken orally in the form of bupropion hydrochloride. Bupropion was developed in 1966 and patented in 1974 by

Galina Zybina is a Soviet shot-putter and javelin thrower who set eight consecutive world records in the shot put between 1952 and 1956 and won three Olympic medals. Zybina’s mother and brother perished from starvation and exposure during World War II, a fate she witnessed and to which she almost

zydeco, Form of dance music from southwestern Louisiana, U.S., with roots in French, African American, and Afro-Caribbean styles. Similar to the music of the Cajuns (displaced French Canadians who settled in Louisiana), zydeco was created by the Creoles (those of African heritage in Louisianan

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: A newly formed group, the Jewish Fighting Organization (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa; ŻOB), slowly took effective control of the ghetto.

Euthymius Zigabenus was a Byzantine theologian, polemicist for Greek Orthodoxy, and biblical exegete whose encyclopaedic work on the history of Christian heresies is a primary source for material on early and medieval theological controversy. Zigabenus was a monk at a convent near Constantinople.

lepidopteran: Annotated classification: Family Zygaenidae (burnet and forester moths) More than 1,000 species, mainly in subtropical and tropical Asia and Palearctic regions; adults usually diurnal flower visitors, with bright colours and strong proboscises; strongly protected by high concentrations of hydrogen cyanide in blood; larvae are leaf skeletonizers; related families:…

lepidopteran: Annotated classification: Superfamily Zygaenoidea Approximately 2,500 species worldwide; wings broad to very broad with short fringes; some primitive adult, pupal, and larval features; pupae quite mobile. Family Limacodidae, or Eucleidae (slug caterpillar moths) More than 1,000 species worldwide; larvae broad and flat, with reduced prolegs;

snake: Vertebrae: …of the vertebra and the zygantrum being a pocket into which the zygosphene fits and within which it can swivel. These five points permit lateral and vertical rotation while preventing almost entirely any twisting of the vertebral column, thus achieving both flexibility and rigidity. The vertebra may bear on its…

insect: Annotated classification: Order Zygentoma (silverfish, fishmoths, firebrats) Mouthparts ectognathous (exposed) adapted for biting; antennae many-segmented, only basal segment with muscles; compound eyes present or absent; tarsi of legs with 2 to 4 segments; 11-segmented abdomen ends in segmented median filament plus a variable number of lateral, styliform, pregenital…

Antoni Zygmund was a Polish-born mathematician who exerted a major influence on 20th-century mathematics, particularly in harmonic analysis, a field utilized in science and technology for the formulation of descriptions of periodic phenomena such as waves, vibrations, and regularly repeating

Sigismund II Augustus was the last Jagiellon king of Poland, who united Livonia and the duchy of Lithuania with Poland, creating a greatly expanded and legally unified kingdom. The only son of Sigismund I the Old and Bona Sforza, Sigismund II was elected and crowned coruler with his father in 1530.

Sigismund I was a king who established Polish suzerainty over Ducal Prussia (East Prussia) and incorporated the duchy of Mazovia into the Polish state. Sigismund I, the fifth son of Casimir IV and Elizabeth of Habsburg, had ruled Głogów, Silesia, since 1499 and became margrave of Lusatia and

Sigismund III Vasa was the king of Poland (1587–1632) and of Sweden (1592–99) who sought to effect a permanent union of Poland and Sweden but instead created hostile relations and wars between the two states lasting until 1660. The elder son of King John III Vasa of Sweden and Catherine, daughter

Christmas cactus, (hybrid Schlumbergera ×buckleyi), popular cactus of the family Cactaceae that has flattened stems and is grown for its striking cerise flowers, blooming indoors about Christmastime in the Northern Hemisphere. Most Christmas cacti now in cultivation are considered to be hybrids of

cuckoo roller: …is also distinguished by its zygodactyl feet, with each foot having two forward-pointing and two backward-pointing toes. Males are iridescent green above and gray below; females are brown above with tan and black spots below.

Canellales: Distribution and abundance: The circumscription of Zygogynum has led to the recognition of 3 additional genera, including Exospermum (restricted to New Caledonia), Bubbia (from the Moluccas to New Caledonia and Australia, with one species confined to Lord Howe Island, where it is abundant), and Belliolum (in New Caledonia and the Solomon…

zygomatic arch, bridge of bone extending from the temporal bone at the side of the head around to the maxilla (upper jawbone) in front and including the zygomatic (cheek) bone as a major portion. The masseter muscle, important in chewing, arises from the lower edge of the arch; another major

zygomatic bone, diamond-shaped bone below and lateral to the orbit, or eye socket, at the widest part of the cheek. It adjoins the frontal bone at the outer edge of the orbit and the sphenoid and maxilla within the orbit. It forms the central part of the zygomatic arch by its attachments to the

humor: …of the upper lip, the zygomatic major, with currents of varying intensity produces facial expressions ranging from the faint smile through the broad grin to the contortions typical of explosive laughter.

human nervous system: Maxillary nerve: infraorbital, zygomaticotemporal, and zygomaticofacial nerves, serving the upper lip, the lateral surfaces of the nose, the lower eyelid and conjunctiva, and the skin on the cheek and the side of the head behind the eye.

human nervous system: Maxillary nerve: …palate, and (4) the infraorbital, zygomaticotemporal, and zygomaticofacial nerves, serving the upper lip, the lateral surfaces of the nose, the lower eyelid and conjunctiva, and the skin on the cheek and the side of the head behind the eye.

humor: …of the upper lip, the zygomatic major, with currents of varying intensity produces facial expressions ranging from the faint smile through the broad grin to the contortions typical of explosive laughter.

flower: Form and types: …and snapdragons, is irregular or zygomorphic.

Rhizopus: Mucormycosis (also called zygomycosis) is a rare and serious disease caused primarily by R. arrhizus in burn victims, individuals suffering from severe malnutrition, patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, or immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or certain cancers. The infection invades blood vessels

Zygopetalum, genus of 15 species of tropical American orchids (family Orchidaceae). Several species are cultivated as ornamentals, and a number of attractive hybrids have been developed. Two similar species, Zygopetalum mackayi and Z. intermedium, are commonly grown for their long-lasting fragrant

Zygopetalum: …similar species, Zygopetalum mackayi and Z. intermedium, are commonly grown for their long-lasting fragrant flowers.

Zygopetalum: Two similar species, Zygopetalum mackayi and Z. intermedium, are commonly grown for their long-lasting fragrant flowers.

Zygophyllales: Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllaceae, or the bean caper family, is a loose-knit assemblage of 22 genera and 285 species that mainly grow in the desert or saline environments of temperate and tropical regions. Most members are shrubs to small trees, often resinous, with opposite or spirally arranged…

Zygophyllales, the creosote bush order of dicotyledonous flowering plants, consisting of 2 families (Zygophyllaceae and Krameriaceae), 27 genera, and about 300 species. Members are herbs or shrubs, rarely hemiparasites, and largely restricted to tropical or temperate arid or saline regions. The

damselfly, (suborder Zygoptera), any of a group of predatory, aerial insects that are in the order Odonata. Damselflies are found mainly near shallow, freshwater habitats and are graceful fliers with slender bodies and long, filmy, net-veined wings. Damselflies are generally smaller, more delicate,

snake: Vertebrae: …almost exclusively in snakes, the zygosphene being a projecting shelf on the upper part of the vertebra and the zygantrum being a pocket into which the zygosphene fits and within which it can swivel. These five points permit lateral and vertical rotation while preventing almost entirely any twisting of the…

algae: Reproduction and life histories: …a dormant state called a zygospore. Zygospores generally have a large store of food reserves and a thick, resistant cell wall. Following an appropriate environmental stimulus, such as a change in light, temperature, or nutrients, the zygospores are induced to germinate and start another period of growth.

zygote, fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm). In the embryonic development of humans and other animals, the zygote stage is brief and is followed by cleavage, when the single cell becomes subdivided into smaller cells. The

Zyklon-B, brand name for a hydrogen cyanide–based chemical compound initially created as a pesticide and rodenticide in the early 1920s in Germany. Zyklon-B is a carrier for the gas hydrogen cyanide (HCN); a solution of HCN in water is called hydrocyanic acid or prussic acid. After the start of

cimbalom, an elaborate stringed instrument of the dulcimer family used in small music ensembles by central European Roma (Gypsies). The instrument has a trapezoidal body that stands on four legs. It has a chromatic range of four octaves and, unlike other dulcimers, a pedal mechanism for damping the

zymogen, any of a group of proteins that display no catalytic activity but are transformed within an organism into enzymes, especially those that catalyze reactions involving the breakdown of proteins. Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, zymogens secreted by the pancreas, are activated in the

Facebook: …payments from one such company, Zynga Inc., an online game developer, accounted for 12 percent of the company’s revenues.

Komi: …comprise three major groups: the Komi-Zyryan of Komi republic; the Komi-Permyaks (or Permyaks) of Komi-Permyak autonomous okrug (district) to the south; and the Komi-Yazua to the east of the okrug and south of Komi republic. The economic activities of the Komi vary from reindeer herding, hunting, fishing, and lumbering in…

Saint Stephen of Perm: …to the territory of the Komi (then known as Zyryans), located in the frigid lands southeast of the White Sea between the Pechora and Vychegda rivers.

Zyryanovsk, city, eastern Kazakhstan. It lies on the Beryozovka River (a tributary of the Irtysh River) in the southern Altai Mountains. Zyryanovsk is an important centre of the lead- and zinc-mining industry, which first came into being when rich deposits of polymetallic ores were discovered there

Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov is a Russian politician who served as leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF) in the 1990s, following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and into the 21st century. Zyuganov was born in a farming village in the Oryol oblast (region), south of

Adolf Rudnicki: …Żywe i martwe morze (1952; The Dead and the Living Sea), these works offered a moving testament to the “nation of Polish Jews” and how they died during the Holocaust. In 1953 Rudnicki began publishing weekly essays in literary periodicals, later collected in several volumes of Niebieskie kartki (1956–58; “Blue…

Wacław Berent: …than in his historical novel Żywe kamienie (1918; “Living Stones”), which Czesław Miłosz referred to as “a medieval ballad in novel form.”

Żywiec, town, Śląskie województwo (province), south-central Poland, in the Carpathian Mountains on the Soła River near the border with Slovakia. It lies at the foot of Grójec Mountain, which has made it an important tourist centre. The town is also known for its large breweries. Żywiec was first

Frédéric Chopin: Life: …piano lessons with the 61-year-old Wojciech Zywny, an all-around musician with an astute sense of values. Zywny’s simple instruction in piano playing was soon left behind by his pupil, who discovered for himself an original approach to the piano and was allowed to develop unhindered by academic rules and formal…

ZZ Top, American rock group famous for its rugged blues-driven guitar work, irreverent music videos, and embrace of its Texas roots, as well as for the musicians’ distinctive facial hair. The members are singer-guitarist Billy Gibbons (b. December 16, 1949, Houston, Texas, U.S.), bass player Dusty