Negro league
Negro league, any of the associations of African American baseball teams active largely between 1920 and the late 1940s, when Black players were at last contracted to play major and minor league baseball. The principal Negro leagues were the Negro National League (1920–31, 1933–48), the Eastern Colored League (1923–28), and the Negro American League (1937–60). A “gentleman’s agreement” among the leaders of what was then called “Organized Baseball” (the major and minor leagues) erected a color bar against Black players from the last years of the 19th century until 1946, although these leaders rarely admitted its existence.
The Negro leagues received long overdue recognition from Major League Baseball (MLB) in the 21st century. In 2020 MLB announced that it would consider seven Black leagues to be major leagues, and in 2024 statistics from those leagues’ games were officially incorporated into MLB’s record books.
Early Negro leagues
There were two attempts to establish leagues for Black teams in the early years of the 20th century. The first was in 1906 when the International League of Independent Base Ball Clubs was formed in the Philadelphia area. It had two white teams and four Black ones. The championship game pitted two Black teams against each other and attracted 10,000 fans to the stadium of the Philadelphia Athletics. (This was the first time Black clubs performed in a major league park, though later most of the top Black clubs played in stadiums of major league or top minor league teams.) The league folded after its first season.
Four years later there was an attempt to start a Black major league with teams in Chicago; Louisville, Kentucky; New Orleans, Louisiana; Mobile, Alabama; St. Louis, Missouri; Columbus, Ohio; Kansas City, Missouri; and Kansas City, Kansas. The league died without having sanctioned a game.
The first viable Black league was formed in 1920 under the leadership of Rube Foster, manager of the Chicago American Giants. Foster had been Black baseball’s best pitcher in the early years of the 20th century and then its best-known manager and promoter. His barnstorming American Giants were known all over the country through their winter tours to California and Florida and traveled big-league style in private railroad cars.
The Negro National League and the Eastern Colored League
Foster was a visionary who dreamed that the champion of his Black major league would play the best of the white league clubs in an interracial world series. His original plan called for a Black major league in the Midwest with teams in Chicago; Indianapolis, Indiana; Detroit, Michigan; Cincinnati, Ohio; St. Louis, Missouri; and Kansas City, Missouri. It also called for another league in the East with clubs in New York City; Philadelphia; Baltimore, Maryland; Washington, D.C.; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Cleveland, Ohio. Only one eastern owner showed up for the organizational meeting in Kansas City in February 1920, so the eastern league did not materialize.
Nevertheless, the Negro National League (NNL) was established during the two-day meeting. Its teams were Foster’s Chicago American Giants, the Indianapolis ABCs, Chicago Giants, Kansas City (Missouri) Monarchs, Detroit Stars, St. Louis Giants, Dayton (Ohio) Marcos, and the Cuban Stars, who had no home city. A few weeks later the Negro Southern League was organized with clubs in the large cities of the South; however, it was regarded as a minor circuit during its on-again, off-again life over the next 30 years.
In December 1923 another Black major league with six teams was established in eastern cities. Officially named the Mutual Association of Eastern Colored Baseball Clubs, it was known more familiarly as the Eastern Colored League (ECL). Members were the Brooklyn (New York) Royal Giants, Bacharach Giants of Atlantic City, New Jersey, Baltimore Black Sox, Hilldale Club of Philadelphia, and the Cuban Stars (no relation to the Cuban Stars of the NNL) and Lincoln Giants of New York City.
All these early leagues were financially shaky. They also had difficulty making up a schedule because few of the clubs owned ballparks or had contracts giving them exclusive use. Many were tenants of teams in the major and minor leagues and were obligated to use the parks when the owners were playing out of town and to vacate them when their hosts returned.
Another debilitating factor was that sometimes a league team would refuse to play a scheduled game if a nonleague opponent promised a bigger payday. Umpiring of league games was sometimes erratic because umpires were hired by the home team. Another difficulty was the wide disparity in the quality of the teams; two or three clubs would dominate and earn far more money than their weaker brethren.
From 1924 through 1927, the NNL and ECL champions met in a Negro World Series. The NNL’s Chicago American Giants won two championships and the Kansas City Monarchs won one, as did the Hilldale Club, representing the ECL. The ECL succumbed to financial weakness in the spring of 1928. The NNL, bereft of the management acumen and foresight of Foster, who was hospitalized for mental illness in 1926, stumbled on until 1931 before disbanding as the Great Depression deepened and left most fans with empty pockets. Two of its solvent franchises, Chicago and Indianapolis, joined the Negro Southern League for 1932. That year another Black circuit, called the East-West League, was started for eastern teams by Cumberland W. Posey, veteran manager of the Homestead Grays, a ball club based in Pittsburgh. The new league barely made it off the ground. By early June its Detroit team had dropped out, the schedule was curtailed, and salaries were slashed. The league did not last the summer.