motorcycle racing
- Key People:
- John Surtees
- Tazio Nuvolari
- Jimmie Guthrie
motorcycle racing, the recreational and competitive use of motorcycles, a sport practiced by both professionals and amateurs on roads, tracks, closed circuits, and natural terrain.
The development of motorcycling largely paralleled and often coincided with the development of automobile sports. There was a class for motorcycles in many of the old town-to-town automobile road races, the Paris-Vienna race, for example. The de Dion tricycle dominated the sport in 1897, but two-wheelers like the Werner soon set the stage for an entirely different form of racing. In 1904 the Fédération Internationale du Motocyclisme (renamed the Fédération Internationale Motocycliste [FIM] in 1949) created the international cup, uniting five nations: Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, and Britain. The first international cup race took place in 1905 at Dourdan, France. The race for the Tourist Trophy (TT) became the most famous of all European motorcycle races, however. The first TT race took place in 1907 on the Isle of Man, on a course that was the world’s most famous for many decades thereafter.
Motorcycle racing in North America began in 1903 with the formation of the Federation of American Motorcyclists in New York City. By 1924 this society evolved into the still-active American Motorcycle Association. Since 1937 the Daytona 200-mile (320-kilometre) race has been the leading U.S. race. It is held on the same road circuit used for the 24-hour Daytona auto race. Grand Prix racing (in the sense of being a major event in the country in which it is held) for motorcycles started in the United States soon after auto racing resumed after the end of World War I. The Belgian motorcycle-racing Grand Prix dates from 1921, while Germany began motorcycle Grand Prix racing in 1925, and the Dutch Grand Prix started that same year.
There are about as many forms of motorcycle racing as there are of automobile racing. The main types are road racing, trials, speedway, motocross, drag racing, ice racing, and hill climbs.
Road races are held on closed courses, parts or all of which may be public roads. The motorcycle road-racing world championships were established in 1949; in these races, machines are divided into several classes based on engine displacement, from 50 cubic cm (3 cubic inches) up through 125, 250, 350, 500, and 750 cubic cm. Local clubs and organizations all over the world have their own international road-race meetings throughout the year.
Motorcycle trials, which date back to pre-World War I days, are relatively slow, on-and-off highway events of long duration in which speed is not a determining factor. (See motorcycle trial.) Speedway racing, which came into being in the early 1920s in Australia, is conducted on short, flat oval dirt tracks for short distances. The machines used are ultralightweight, with small fuel tanks and small brakes.
Motocross is a type of cross-country race consisting of a specified number of laps over a closed course laid out on rough, natural terrain. Motocross racing was introduced in Great Britain and on the European continent in the late 1940s and early ’50s, and by the ’60s it had become a popular spectator sport. It was demonstrated in North America in the 1960s, and the first regularly scheduled series of motocross events there was held in 1970. (See motocross.)
Motorcycle drag racing is an American event dating from about 1950. This type of racing consists of a series of acceleration, or top speed, contests, each between two racers, on a straight, smooth-surfaced course that is one-quarter mile long. Motorcycle ice racing started in Scandinavia in the 1930s and has spread to other temperate-climate countries. It is held on ovals on frozen lakes or on ice-covered stadium tracks, and the bikes use spiked (studded) tires. Motorcycle hill climbs are uphill-road races in which each rider races against the clock, and only one machine is in motion at any time.