Salman Rushdie, (born June 19, 1947, Bombay, India), Indian-born novelist. Educated at the University of Cambridge, he worked as an advertising copywriter in London in the 1970s before winning unexpected success with Midnight’s Children (1981, Booker Prize), an allegorical novel about modern India. His second novel, Shame (1983), is a scathing portrait of politics and sexual morality in Pakistan. The Satanic Verses (1988), which includes episodes based on the life of the Prophet Muhammad, was denounced as blasphemous by some Muslim leaders, and in 1989 Iran’s Ruhollah Khomeini condemned Rushdie to death. Rushdie became the focus of international attention and was compelled to remain in seclusion until 1998, when Iran said it would no longer enforce Khomeini’s decree. Rushdie’s third-person memoir Joseph Anton (2012) recounts his experience during this time. His other novels include The Moor’s Last Sigh (1995), Fury (2001), Shalimar the Clown (2005), Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights (2015), Quichotte (2019), and Victory City (2023), among others. Rushdie was knighted in 2007 and became an American citizen in 2016 while also retaining his British citizenship. In 2022 Rushdie was stabbed at a public event in the United States; his memoir Knife (2024) recounts the attack and his recovery.
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