Toussaint Louverture’s Achievements

During most of Toussaint’s life, France controlled Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). In 1791 thousands of enslaved people in the French colony rose up in rebellion. Although Toussaint had already been legally freed from slavery by that time, he joined the revolt but was unimpressed by its leadership. Collecting an army of his own, he trained his followers in the tactics of guerrilla warfare. By 1793 he had become known as Toussaint Louverture. The name Louverture comes from the French word for “opening,” most likely referring to his ability as a military commander to find openings in an enemy’s defenses. When France and Spain went to war in 1793, Toussaint at first joined the Spanish forces and proved extraordinarily effective in fighting against the French in Saint-Domingue. But the following year Toussaint switched sides after the French government abolished slavery. Toussaint was offered the lieutenant governorship of Saint-Domingue, which he accepted. He later became governor-general of Saint-Domingue, and in January 1801 his forces overwhelmed neighboring Spanish-controlled Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic). This victory put Toussaint in charge of the entire island of Hispaniola. 

During his rise to power, Toussaint displayed shrewd political skills as well as great military ability. In 1794 it was the governor-general of Saint-Domingue, Étienne Laveaux, who made Toussaint lieutenant governor of the colony, but by 1796 Toussaint had eased out Laveaux and had become governor-general himself. British forces also had a presence on Hispaniola, but military losses pushed them into negotiations with Toussaint. Treaties concluded in 1798 and 1799 secured their complete withdrawal from the island. Toussaint remained committed to freeing everyone on the island who was still enslaved. Until 1801 slavery persisted in Spanish Santo Domingo. Ignoring commands to the contrary by Napoleon Bonaparte, who had become first consul of France, Toussaint overran Santo Domingo and freed its slaves, Once in command of the entire island, Toussaint dictated a constitution that made him governor-general for life with near absolute powers. In addition to sanctioning many revolutionary principles, Toussaint’s constitution touted his success in restoring order and prosperity to the island. Indeed, Toussaint was responsible for bringing about a number of economic advances. Plantations destroyed during the slave revolt were restored, and Toussaint even encouraged many of the French proprietors to return. Although Toussaint used military discipline to force former slaves on the island to work, they were legally free and equal, and laborers shared the profits of the restored plantations. Under Toussaint’s leadership lucrative trade was begun with Britain and with the United States. In return for arms and goods, Toussaint sold sugar and promised not to invade Jamaica or the American South.

Toussaint did not live to see the founding of Haiti. However, his actions were of critical importance to the movement that ultimately led to the establishment of Haiti as an independent country. Some of Toussaint’s former lieutenants—most notably Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Henry Christophe—eventually succeeded in expelling the French from Hispaniola. Dessalines was able to proclaim Haiti’s independence on January 1, 1804, less than a year after Toussaint’s death.