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The Umayyads, headed by Abū Sufyān, convert to Islam after initial resistance. They are a family of mostly merchants living around Mecca. After converting to Islam, they become administrators for the caliphate under Muhammad and his immediate successors.
656
ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān, the third caliph to rule after the death of Muhammad, is murdered by Egyptian rebels. This sets off the first Muslim civil war, with a struggle for the caliphate between Abū Sufyān’s son Muʿāwiyah and Muhammad’s son-in-law ʿAlī.
661
Muʿāwiyah emerges victorious over ʿAlī at the end of the civil war and establishes himself as the first Umayyad caliph. The Umayyad dynasty, also spelled Omayyad, is the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the caliphate.
661–684
Great Mosque of DamascusThe Great Mosque of Damascus, or Umayyad Mosque, is a marvel of Islamic architecture. It is located in the Old City of Damascus, Syria.
Civil war and the deaths of Muʿāwiyah’s son Yazīd I and Yazīd’s son Muʿāwiyah II bring Sufyānid rule to an end by 684. Amid tribal wars, Marwān I is proclaimed caliph in Syria, ushering in the era of the Marwanids, another branch of the Umayyad family.
ʿAbd al-Malik was the fifth caliph (685–705 ce) of the Umayyad Arab dynasty centred in Damascus. He reorganized and strengthened governmental administration and, throughout the empire, adopted Arabic as the language of administration. ʿAbd al-Malik spent the first half of his life with his father,
