Vanuatu , officially Republic of Vanuatu, Island country, South Pacific Ocean. It consists of a chain of 13 principal and many smaller islands. Area: 4,742 sq mi (12,281 sq km). Population: (2024 est.) 332,600. Capital: Port-Vila. The population is nearly all indigenous Melanesian. Languages: Bislama, English, French (all official); Melanesian languages and dialects. Religions: Christianity (mostly Protestant; also Roman Catholic); also traditional beliefs and cargo cults. Currency: vatu. Extending north-south some 400 mi (650 km), Vanuatu includes the islands of Vanua Lava, Santa Maria, Espiritu Santo, Aoba, Maéwo, Pentecost, Malakula, Ambrym, Épi, Éfaté, Erromango, Tanna, and Anatom. The larger islands are volcanic in origin and mountainous; there are several active volcanoes. Some of them, especially Éfaté and Malakula, have good harbours. The highest point is Tabwémasana (6,165 ft [1,879 m]) on Espiritu Santo. The developing free-market economy is based mainly on agriculture, cattle raising, and fishing. Tourism is increasingly important. Vanuatu is a republic with a single legislative house; its head of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. The islands were inhabited for some 3,000 years by Melanesian peoples before European contact in 1606 by the Portuguese. They were visited by French navigator Louis-Antoine de Bougainville in 1768, then explored by English mariner Capt. James Cook in 1774, who named the islands the New Hebrides. Sandalwood merchants and European missionaries arrived in the mid-19th century; they were followed by British and French planters of cotton and other crops. Control of the islands was sought by both the French and British, who agreed in 1906 to form a condominium government. During World War II a major Allied naval base was on Espiritu Santo; Vanuatu escaped Japanese invasion. New Hebrides became the independent Republic of Vanuatu in 1980. Much of its history since then has been marked by frequent changes of government but relative political stability.
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