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steel
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manufacturing
How iron is turned into steel
Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram.
Scientific secrets of Game of Thrones' Valyrian steel
A basic oxygen furnace shop. An electric-arc furnace. Open-hearth furnace. Three ladle treatment stations. Ingot solidification. A curved-mold continuous slab caster.
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Videos

How iron is turned into steel
Iron ore is one of the most abundant elements on Earth, and one of its primary uses...
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Scientific secrets of Game of Thrones' Valyrian steel
Using science to determine if Valyrian steel from Game of Thrones can be...
Video: © American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
Visit the Wire Museum in Altena, Germany
A visit to the wire-drawing (or wire-pulling) museum in Altena, Germany.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Tobias Arhelger/Dreamstime.com; © Iurii Kosintcev/Dreamstime.com
How scrap metal becomes steel in Norway's northernmost mill
Overview of a steelworks in Mo i Rana, Norway.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Wafuefotodesign/Dreamstime.com; © Bahdan Zhorau/Dreamstime.com

Images

manufacturing
Molten steel being poured into a ladle from an electric arc furnace, 1940s.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: LC-DIG-fsac-1a35062)
Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
A basic oxygen furnace shop.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
An electric-arc furnace.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Open-hearth furnace.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Three ladle treatment stations.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Ingot solidification.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
A curved-mold continuous slab caster.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Gap between two rolls, showing reduction and elongation of workpiece (see text).
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Two basic rolling-mill designs.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Two-high, three-high, four-high, six-high, cluster, and planetary roll arrangements.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Two rolling-mill arrangements.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The rolling of billets and bars.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The rolling of structural shapes.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Production of welded tubes.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Production of seamless tubes.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Principles of (A) hot-dip and (B) electrolytic galvanizing.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Anshan, Liaoning province, China: rolling mill
Rolling mill at an iron and steel plant in Anshan, Liaoning province, China.
Greenhill/Black Star
steel galvanized with zinc
Rolls of sheet steel galvanized with zinc in a factory warehouse.
© Geanina Bechea/Shutterstock.com
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