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Ader Avion III
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Avion IIIFrench engineer and aeronautical pioneer Clément Ader tested his Avion III on Oct. 12 and 14, 1897. The official records of the French Ministry of War, for which Ader conducted the tests, reported that the Avion III never flew. Years later Ader claimed that the Avion III flew for 90 metres (300 feet) before crashing during the October 14 test. Modern historians discount the claim.
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Avion IIIFrench engineer and aeronautical pioneer Clément Ader tested his Avion III on Oct. 12 and 14, 1897. The official records of the French Ministry of War, for which Ader conducted the tests, reported that the Avion III never flew. Years later Ader claimed that the Avion III flew for 90 metres (300 feet) before crashing during the October 14 test. Modern historians discount the claim.
Avion IIIFrench engineer and aeronautical pioneer Clément Ader tested his Avion III on Oct. 12 and 14, 1897. The official records of the French Ministry of War, for which Ader conducted the tests, reported that the Avion III never flew. Years later Ader claimed that the Avion III flew for 90 metres (300 feet) before crashing during the October 14 test. Modern historians discount the claim.

Ader Avion III

French aircraft
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Written by
Tom D. Crouch
Curator Emeritus, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian, Washington, D.C. Author of The Bishop's Boys: A Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright and many others.
Tom D. Crouch
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Article History

Ader Avion III, monoplane designed, built, and first tested by the French aeronautical pioneer Clément Ader in 1897. For a table of pioneer aircraft, see history of flight.

In 1892 the French Ministry of War commissioned Ader to begin work on a new airplane, a tractor monoplane powered by twin 20-horsepower Ader steam engines that he completed in 1897. Like his earlier Ader Éole, the Avion III featured deeply cambered wings shaped like those of a bat. Even the propeller blades resembled gigantic quill feathers. The pilot was provided with foot pedals to control both the rudder and the rear wheels of the three-wheeled undercarriage and a means of operating the propellers at differing speeds. Twenty or 30 turns of a large crank in the cockpit enabled the pilot to change the position of the wings. Knowledgeable aviators who inspected the machine in later years did not believe that the control system would have been effective in flight.

Ader attempted to fly Avion III on two occasions. On Oct. 12, 1897, the aircraft simply ran around a circular track constructed at Satory, France, without leaving the ground. The tests continued on October 14, at which time the machine left the track, turned halfway around, and came to a stop. In his report of the trials, General Mensier, the official government witness, stated that Avion III had not flown, but he suggested that the tests continue. Having spent 65,000 francs on the project to date, the Ministry of War refused to fund additional trials.

NASA's Reduced Gravity Program provides the unique weightless or zero-G environment of space flight for testing and training of human and hardware reactions. NASA used the turbojet KC-135A to run these parabolic flights from 1963 to 2004.
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Ader preserved Avion III in his workshop at Auteuil for several years. The aircraft was then displayed at the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1900, where it inspired Gabriel Voisin and other young aviation enthusiasts. The aircraft was then transferred to the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris. In 1906, upset by assertions that Alberto Santos-Dumont made the first public flight in Europe, Ader began to claim that he had flown at least 90 metres (300 feet) aboard Avion III on Oct. 14, 1897. Leading historians of flight soundly repudiated the claim but did not fully resolve the controversy.

Tom D. Crouch