Austrian law

…code came into force in Austria. New criminal codes were also published in Portugal (1982) and Brazil (1984). France enacted important reform laws in 1958, 1970, 1975, and 1982, as did Italy in 1981 and Spain in 1983. Other reforms have been under way in Finland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland,…

Italian and Austrian law treat all participants in a crime as principals in the first degree, with the exception of accessories after the fact. The Model Penal Code and the law in most U.S. states treat the actions of an accessory after the fact as a separate…

…and, following its example, the Austrian and Japanese acts extend bankruptcy proceedings to all natural and legal persons, whether or not they are engaged in commerce and without differentiating between petitions by the bankrupt himself or by creditors. In the United States, individuals, whether merchants or nonmerchants, as well as…

…exercised; and in Germany and Austria, by contrast, the location of property often determines jurisdiction.

Austria broke new ground in its Code of Civil Procedure of 1895, which adopted comprehensively the principle of oral presentation: only matters presented orally in open court were important for a decision of the case; writings could have only a preparatory role; witnesses no longer…