Canterbury Cathedral
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Canterbury Cathedral, one of the oldest and most historic Christian structures in England, mother church of the Anglican Communion, and seat of the archbishop of Canterbury, originally established by St. Augustine of Canterbury and located in Canterbury, Kent, England, U.K.
Sent by Pope Gregory the Great, St. Augustine arrived at the royal court of Kent in Cantwarabyrig in 597 to a welcome from King Aethelberht I, whose wife, Queen Bertha, was already a Christian. Augustine founded a Benedictine abbey, whose ruins have survived, and, having been named “bishop of the English,” he built the church that became Canterbury Cathedral; it was originally called Christ Church.
The church was damaged by Danish raids in 1011 and nearly destroyed by fire in 1067. The Norman Archbishop Lanfranc began to rebuild the church in 1070. Archbishops of Canterbury have played important roles in English politics. A key event occurred in the cathedral in 1170 with the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket by four knights who thought they were acting on a hint from King Henry II. Miracles were reported from Becket’s tomb, he was swiftly canonized, and English and foreign pilgrims came in numbers, substantially increasing both the prestige and the income of the cathedral.
Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in the 14th century after he himself had been to the city while the nave was being rebuilt. This was part of a major redevelopment that continued from 1391 until the immense central tower, Bell Harry, was completed in 1498. St. Thomas’s shrine behind the high altar was destroyed on the orders of Henry VIII in 1538.
The old pilgrimage route to the cathedral runs along the High Street and Mercery Lane to the splendid 16th-century Christ Church Gate. The cathedral itself has many beautiful stained glass windows, some dating as far back as the 12th century. Other points of interest include the site of Becket’s murder in the northwest transept, the crypt where Henry II did penance for the murder, and the tomb of Edward the Black Prince. In 1988 UNESCO inscribed the cathedral, together with St. Augustine’s Abbey and St. Martin’s Church, as a World Heritage site.