Controlled Substances Act

Controlled Substances Act (CSA), federal U.S. drug policy that regulates the manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of certain narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, anabolic steroids, and other chemicals. In 1970 the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act replaced earlier laws overseeing the use of narcotics and other dangerous drugs in the United States. Title II of that act, the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), established a classification system with five schedules to identify drugs based on their potential for abuse, their applications in medicine, and their likelihood of producing dependence. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) implements the Controlled Substances Act and is empowered to prosecute violators of these laws.

Schedule I drugs are substances with no legitimate medical use. They include LSD, heroin, and cannabis. (The DEA still considers marijuana [cannabis] to be a Schedule 1 drug even though a number of U.S. states have legalized it for personal, recreational, or medical use.) Schedule II drugs, among them cocaine, opium, and morphine, have legitimate medical uses but are considered to have a high potential for abuse. Schedule III, IV, and V drugs all have legitimate medical uses but with decreasing potential for abuse. Many barbiturates, tranquilizers, and performance-enhancing drugs are Schedule III or higher. Some Schedule V drugs are sold over the counter.

The CSA also established a mechanism that allows substances to be added to or transferred between schedules (controlled) or removed from control (decontrolled). Proceedings to delete, add, or alter the schedule of a drug may be initiated by the DEA or the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) or by petition from interested parties, including drug manufacturers, medical societies or associations, local or state government agencies, public interest groups, pharmacy associations, or individual citizens.

The Comprehensive Act of 1970 made it possible for the United States to satisfy the obligations set forth by international drug-control treaties. The act remains the primary legislation for drug control in the United States. Alcohol and tobacco, which are not included in the CSA schedule system, are regulated by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives and the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau.