De Jure Praedae

De Jure Praedae, comprehensive 17th-century work by Hugo Grotius that examines the historical, political, and legal aspects of war and is widely credited as a major foundation of international law because of its argument against the territorial sovereignty of the world’s coastal waters.

Grotius was deeply involved in Dutch politics. In the early 17th century the united kingdom of Spain and Portugal claimed a monopoly on trade with the East Indies. In 1604, after a Dutch admiral seized the Portuguese vessel Santa Catarina, the Dutch East India Company asked Grotius to produce a work legally defending that action on the ground that, by claiming a monopoly on the right of trade, Spain-Portugal had deprived the Dutch of their natural trading rights. Grotius’s resulting work, De Jure Praedae, remained unpublished during his lifetime, except for one chapter—in which Grotius defends free access to the ocean for all nations—which in 1609 appeared under the famous title Mare Liberum (“The Freedom of the Seas”). This chapter buttressed the Dutch position in the negotiations for the Twelve Years’ Truce with Spain that were concluded in 1609. Mare Liberum was widely circulated and often reprinted.