FIFA

FIFA, world governing body of association football (soccer), founded in Paris in 1904. FIFA is headquartered in Zürich, and its membership includes more than 200 national football associations. As association football’s governing authority, FIFA sets the rules of play, establishes standards for refereeing and coaching, oversees international player transfers, organizes the World Cup (both men’s and women’s) and other international tournaments, and promotes the global development of the sport.

History

Football developed in England, where an attempt at codifying rules began in the 1840s. As the sport spread to Europe, South America, and elsewhere around the globe, local and national leagues began developing. The spread of international matches in the early 20th century led for calls to establish global rules. Seven countries—Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland—founded FIFA in Paris in 1904. Germany was not represented at the meeting in Paris, although it played a role in FIFA’s founding. At the founding meeting, Robert Guérin, a French journalist who led the effort to create the organization, was elected as FIFA’s first president; he served until 1906.

England (where the powerful Football Association [FA] had been established in 1863) did not join until 1906. That year, English football executive Daniel Woolfall was elected as FIFA’s president, a position that he held until his death in 1918. Under his leadership, the rules of football were further standardized, and the first international football tournament was established for the 1908 Olympics. FIFA also created an exception to its one-association-per-country rule under Woolfall’s leadership, enabling separate Irish, Scottish, and Welsh associations to join by 1911. In the early 1910s, FIFA expanded beyond Europe as Argentina, Chile, South Africa, the United States, and others joined. This growth spurred the initiation of an international tournament separate from the Olympics under the leadership of FIFA’s third president, French football administrator Jules Rimet (1921–54).

The first FIFA World Cup tournament was hosted by Uruguay in 1930. Thirteen countries participated, and Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in the championship match. The United States finished third. Noticeably absent was England, which had withdrawn from FIFA in 1928 over concerns about the encroaching power of FIFA over the FA. England rejoined in 1946 and played in its first World Cup in 1950. The Men’s World Cup tournament has been held every four years, except during and just after World War II. Traditionally played in either Europe or South America, the Men’s World Cup was first hosted in North America in 1970 (Mexico), in Asia in 2002 (cohosted by Japan and South Korea), in Africa in 2010 (South Africa), and in the Middle East in 2022 (Qatar).

After World War II FIFA’s membership grew rapidly, to more than 100 members in the 1960s and more than 200 in the early 21st century. As the World Cup’s popularity grew, so did the number of teams in the tournament. Sixteen teams qualified for the men’s tournament from 1954 to 1978, 24 from 1982 to 1994, and 32 from 1998 to 2022. In 2017 FIFA approved a plan to expand the number of qualifying teams to 48 for the 2026 Men’s World Cup, which will be the first tournament cohosted by three countries: the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

In 1991 China hosted the first FIFA Women’s World Cup, which is held every four years, usually one year after the men’s tournament. The U.S. team won the inaugural tournament, defeating Norway 2–1 in the championship match. In 1991 and 1995 the tournament featured 12 teams. The field expanded to 16 teams in 1999 and 24 teams in 2015 and 2019. Australia and New Zealand were selected in 2020 to cohost 32 teams in the 2023 tournament.

Structure

FIFA is led by a secretary-general who oversees the organization’s operations. The FIFA Council, a strategic oversight body consisting of 37 members, appoints the secretary-general. The FIFA Council is headed by a president and eight vice presidents. Members are elected to four-year terms and may serve no more than three terms. The main legislative body is the FIFA Congress, and each of the national organizations has one delegate in the Congress. The Congress elects the president, approves the budget, and chooses the location of future World Cup tournaments. The Football Tribunal, created in 2021, resolves disputes and makes decisions on regulatory applications. The universal rules that govern the play of football are independently maintained by the International Football Association Board (IFAB), the organization that determines which rules to introduce or discontinue. FIFA joined the IFAB in 1913 and holds half of the votes (the other half are controlled by England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland). Each national association belongs to one of six regional confederations, covering Africa (CAF), Asia (AFC), Europe (UEFA), South America (CONMEBOL), Oceania (OFC), and North America, Central America, and the Caribbean (CONCACAF).

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Controversies

FIFA has been beset by numerous controversies, some surrounding the selection of World Cup host countries. Italy hosted the 1934 World Cup, a decision criticized as normalizing its fascist government under dictator Benito Mussolini. Russia and Qatar were selected as hosts in 2018 and 2022, respectively. Both selections were criticized because of the host countries’ intolerance toward the LGBTQ+ community, as well as Russia’s invasion of Crimea and allegations against Qatar relating to its treatment of workers.

FIFA has also been the subject of allegations of financial improprieties, including fraud and money laundering. In 2010 Chuck Blazer, the head of CONCACAF, was targeted by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for accepting bribes related to the 1998 and 2010 Men’s World Cup tournaments. Blazer entered a guilty plea and became an informant against other corrupt FIFA officials.

The 2015 FIFA corruption scandal erupted when the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) released a 47-count criminal indictment charging seven FIFA officials with accepting $150 million in bribes over two decades. Eventually, more than two dozen sports marketing executives and high-ranking FIFA officials were implicated in a bribery scheme connected to the awarding of hosting rights for the 2018 Men’s World Cup to Russia and the 2022 Men’s World Cup to Qatar. In response to the scandal, FIFA launched several reforms intended to foster transparency and better governance, including the formation of the Audit and Compliance Committee in 2016.