Great Mosque of Gaza

Great Mosque of Gaza, largest mosque in the Gaza Strip and a key landmark of Gaza city. Its origins as a mosque date to the reign of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (634–644). The history of the mosque, whose site served as a sacred space long before the advent of Islam, is considered emblematic of the complex history of the region. The modern structure was built atop a 12th-century Crusader church, although its architecture preserved elements that date to the 5th century. Its most recent destruction took place in December 2023 during the Israel-Hamas War.

In the second millennium bce, the site of the Great Mosque was occupied by a temple to the Philistine god Dagon. Its legendary destruction by Samson was described in the Old Testament (Judges 16). Under the Romans a new temple called the Marneion was erected on the site and dedicated to the local god Marnas, whom the Romans equated with Zeus. The statue of Marnas that occupied this temple was rediscovered in an excavation in 1879 and subsequently moved to the Istanbul Archaeological Museums. In the 5th century ce, during the rule of Byzantine Queen Eudocia, St. Porphyrius led a mission to convert the local population to Christianity, and the Marneion was replaced by a church, the Eudoxiana. Shortly after Islam was founded in the 7th century, the forces of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb took control of much of Palestine, and Muslims began using the Eudoxiana as a mosque. In the 12th century, during the second Crusade, the mosque was extensively rebuilt and expanded before being consecrated as the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist. It was then converted back into a mosque in the 12th century when the Ayyubid dynasty conquered Gaza. Under the Mamluks Gaza became an important halfway point between Damascus and Cairo, and in 1285 the Mamluks erected the mosque’s iconic minaret. The mosque suffered damage in an earthquake in 1895 and in World War I (1914–18). It was largely destroyed by an Israeli air strike on December 8, 2023, in what Israel described as an attempt to destroy subterranean tunnels used by Hamas.

The Great Mosque complex occupied roughly 44,000 square feet (4,100 square meters) in downtown Gaza, and the main prayer hall accommodated roughly 3,000 worshippers. The mosque complex included a religious school, reception spaces, and an antique hall and museum. It was also the home of a large medieval library, which was digitized in 2022. Parts of the 12th-century cathedral were incorporated into the main facade, and the floor plan of the main mosque was that of a basilica. The architecture was a mixture of Italian Gothic and Islamic styles. The octagonal minaret, with its square base, dated from the Mamluk period, and all buildings in the mosque complex were constructed from marble. A pillar within the prayer hall long included engravings of Jewish symbols on stones that had been repurposed from an ancient synagogue, but the carvings were removed in the 1980s as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict took on an increasingly religious dimension.