Lluc

Lluc, (Anoiapithecus brevirostris), nickname for the nearly complete upper and lower jaws and much of the associated facial region of an adult male hominid found in 2004 at the Abocador de Can Mata site in Catalonia, Spain. Lluc is the only known specimen of Anoiapithecus brevirostris, a species that dates to the middle of the Miocene Epoch (roughly 11.9 million years ago). It was recovered during a salvage operation designed to rescue fossil specimens and associated data threatened by impending construction activities. In Latin the name Lluc means “the one who illuminates.”

Lluc differs from other Miocene forms of the superfamily Hominoidea in having a nearly flat and relatively orthognathic (vertically oriented) face that contrasts markedly with the more prognathic (forward-projecting) face of most other living and fossil apes. The specimen resembles living and fossil members of the genus Homo (humans) in this regard, but this similarity is thought to be the result of convergent evolution, because fossil members of the human lineage (such as Australopithecus) lack a similarly vertical face.

Structural characteristics of the genus

Anoiapithecus, so far characterized by a single species, displays a unique combination of anatomical features that are considered to be both primitive and derived with respect to earlier hominoid primates. Its primitive characteristics primarily relate to detailed aspects of dental morphology, including its relatively low-crowned teeth. Those features resemble conditions that are found in much older African hominoids, such as Proconsul, a genus from the early Miocene. Other traits found in Anoiapithecus ally it with younger and more-advanced hominoids, including the group containing living great apes and humans (classified as the family Hominidae). For example, the molars of Anoiapithecus are covered by a thick layer of enamel, and its lower jaw is robust. The deep, short face of Anoiapithecus frames a pear-shaped opening for the nasal aperture, which is characteristic of modern great apes and humans. The maxillary sinus of Anoiapithecus appears to be reduced, probably as a result of its relatively deep facial proportions.

Evolutionary relationships

Reconstructing the evolutionary relationships of Miocene apes has proven to be difficult for at least two reasons. First, the diversity of Miocene apes was much greater than that which characterizes the group today. Second, these Miocene apes show a baffling pattern of characters, indicating that parallel and convergent evolution occurred commonly within the group. Anoiapithecus has been interpreted as being a basal member of the Hominidae. According to this view, Anoiapithecus occupies a branch of the evolutionary tree intermediate between modern great apes and humans on the one hand and a diverse group of (mainly African) fossil apes on the other.

Some scientists have argued that the discovery of Anoiapithecus and related fossil apes in Eurasia indicates that the common ancestor of living great apes and humans evolved somewhere on that landmass, rather than in Africa as others have suggested. According to this hypothesis, the common ancestor of living African apes and humans would have returned to Africa sometime later in the Miocene, while the ancestor of living orangutans remained in Eurasia. Other scientists dispute this hypothesis, pointing to the relatively poor quality of the African fossil record during the middle and late Miocene.