Maha Shivaratri

Maha Shivaratri, the most important sectarian festival of the year for devotees of the Hindu god Shiva. The 14th day of the dark half (waning moon) of each lunar month is specially sacred to Shiva, but when it occurs in the month of Magha (January–February) and especially in the month of Phalguna (February–March), it is an observance of particular rejoicing. The preceding day the participant observes a fast and at night a vigil during which a special worship of the lingam (symbol of Shiva) is performed along with prayer and relating myths about Shiva. The following day is celebrated with feasting, festival fairs, and, among the members of the South Indian Lingayat sect, the giving of gifts to the guru (personal spiritual guide). Devotees believe that worship on this night provides extraordinary religious and worldly benefits.

Mythology

Maha Shivaratri originates from Hindu mythology, with multiple legends explaining its cosmic and spiritual significance. Like many Hindu festivals, it is linked to a few different narratives, reflecting the tradition’s openness to multiple truths. The focus is on devotion and worship rather than a single definitive story.

• Marriage of Shiva and Parvati: According to the Shiva Purana, a sacred Hindu text, Maha Shivaratri commemorates the divine marriage of Shiva, associated with consciousness, and Hindu goddess Parvati, representing Shakti (energy), a central concept in Shaivism (Shaivite tradition).
• Emergence of the Shiva lingam: The Linga Purana links the festival to lingodbhava (the emergence of the lingam), symbolizing Shiva’s formless and infinite nature. This manifestation is associated with the Jyotirlingas, sacred shrines dedicated to Shiva across India, symbolizing his infinite nature as a column of light. It is believed that those who worship the lingam on this night receive spiritual rewards and get closer to achieving moksha (“liberation”).
• Samudra Manthana: Legend says that during the Samudra Manthana (churning of the ocean of milk) the devas (gods) and the asuras (demons) sought amrita (an elixir of immortality). The process also brought forth other objects, including the deadly poison halahala. To save creation, Shiva consumed the poison, holding it in his throat. Maha Shivaratri honors this deed, celebrating Shiva as the protector of the universe.
• Tripurantaka and Nataraja: The festival celebrates Shiva as Tripurantaka, the destroyer of Tripura, three fortified cities ruled by the asura brothers Tarakaksha, Kamalaksha, and Vidyunmali. Granted a boon by Brahma, the moving cities could be destroyed only when aligned, once every thousand years. When the moment arrived, Shiva fired a single arrow, destroying them and symbolizing the triumph of good over evil. The festival also honors Shiva as Nataraja, the cosmic dancer, performing a fierce dance called the tandava that drives the cycles of creation, preservation, and destruction.

Rituals and practices

Devotees begin with a bath for purification, followed by fasting, often eating only fruits, milk, and nuts. Homes and temples are decorated with bilva (wood-apple tree) leaves, flowers, and lamps. The main ritual, abhishekam (ceremonial bathing of the Shiva lingam), is performed with water, milk, honey, yogurt, and ghee (clarified butter), along with offerings of bilva leaves and fruits. Devotees chant the mantra om namaḥ shivaya (“Obeisance to Shiva”) and recite hymns from the Shiva Purana. A key observance is the jagaran (“night vigil”), during which the night is divided into char prahar (“four parts”), with prayers performed in each. Some devotees keep an oil lamp burning as a symbol of inner awareness, while others practice meditation. The fast is broken the next morning with a simple meal after prayers, marking the completion of the observance.

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Celebrations

Maha Shivaratri is celebrated across India with distinct rituals reflecting local traditions. The Brahmin community of Kashmiri Pandits (a Hindu Brahmin community from the Kashmir region) observes it as Herath, with unique rituals such as soaking walnuts in water to be shared as prasada (food offered to and blessed by a deity). In Himachal Pradesh, the Mandi Shivaratri fair at Bhutnath Temple includes cultural performances and a traditional royal procession. The Kashi Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, draws thousands of devotees on the day. They bathe in the Ganges River, with chants of “Har har Mahadev” (“Hail Shiva”). In Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, the Mahakaleshwar Temple performs the bhasma (“ashes”) aarti, where the deity is anointed with sacred ash at dawn.

At Tarakeswar Temple in West Bengal, devotees offer Ganga jal (water from the Ganges) to the Shiva lingam with nightlong prayers. In Odisha, Bhubaneswar’s Lingaraj Temple sees large gatherings for abhishekam. Gujarat’s Bhavnath Mahadev Temple near Girnar Hills hosts a five-day fair, where Naga Sadhus (a group of Hindu ascetics) lead processions and perform sacred rites. The Somnath Temple, one of the Jyotirlingas, also holds grand ceremonies. At Tamil Nadu’s Arulmigu Annamalaiyar Temple in Tiruvannamalai, devotees perform girivalam, a 9-mile (14-km) barefoot walk around Arunachala Hill. In Karnataka, prayers are offered at Murudeshwar Temple, home to a towering Shiva statue, while the Lingayat sect conducts a mass worship of Ishtalinga (miniature lingam). In Kerala, Aluva Manappuram, a stretch of riverbank along the Periyar River, hosts cultural programs.

Maha Shivaratri is celebrated by Hindu communities worldwide. Thousands gather at Nepal’s Pashupatinath Temple, while Bangladesh’s Chandranath Dham, temples in Sri Lanka, and Tamil communities in Malaysia and Singapore host vibrant rituals. In Africa, grand processions are held around Ganga Talao in Mauritius. In North America, major celebrations are held in cities including New York, Chicago, and Toronto, while in Australia and Fiji, large gatherings are marked by prayers and cultural events.