Philadelphia Museum of Art

Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMA), art museum of international renown located in Fairmount Park in Philadelphia. Its collection of approximately 240,000 objects spans all of art history and is particularly strong in American, European (medieval to the present), and Asian art. Also included under the auspices of the Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMA) are the city’s Rodin Museum and the historic houses Mount Pleasant, an 18th-century Georgian home, and Cedar Grove, an early 20th-century residence.

The Philadelphia Museum of Art emerged from the 1876 International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine, also called the Centennial Exhibition, a world’s fair held in Fairmount Park in commemoration of the founding of the United States of America. The fine arts gallery of the Centennial Exhibition was held in Memorial Hall, which was constructed for the fair. Memorial Hall remained open as a museum of art following the fair, and the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art (as it was called until 1938) was chartered in February 1876. The museum opened to the public in May 1877, and classes began in December of that year.

The institution’s first curatorial departments were established in 1893: textiles, lace and embroidery, numismatics, and pottery. With the ever-increasing flow of visitors, the museum soon grew out of Memorial Hall. Although a new building was proposed in 1894, plans were not finalized until 1917, and the building opened its doors to the public only in 1928. Its interior was not completed until nearly three decades later.

The museum pioneered many practices that endure in art museums today. In 1903 it became the first museum to issue a museum bulletin, a quarterly publication (though it became less frequent in time) of professional and scholarly interest. That year the museum also formed the Bureau of Identification, a department that evaluated works of art for authenticity, medium, maker, and other identifying information. Private owners and museums around the country turned to the bureau for expert opinions. The museum began its notable Indian art collection in 1919 with a major gift of sculptural architectural elements from a temple hall that originated in Madurai, in Tamil Nadu. The temple hall was reconstructed and continued to have a dedicated gallery in the museum into the 21st century.

In 1925 architect and architectural historian Fiske Kimball was appointed director of the museum, a position he held for 30 years. Under his direction the collection moved into its building on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in 1928. One of Kimball’s major contributions to the new museum’s collections was its highly authentic period rooms, interiors reconstructed to appear as they did in their original context. Other contributions by Kimball included the chronological installation of the museum’s works of art and the establishment of the education department in 1929.

In 1938 the museum officially changed its name to the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The school was separated from the museum in 1964 and eventually became the University of the Arts. By that time the museum was administering the Rodin Museum, Mount Pleasant, and Cedar Grove as well as other historic houses, such as Lemon Hill and Letitia Street House, all located in Fairmount Park. At the end of the decade, the museum opened its first on-site conservation laboratory. Despite nationwide economic hardship during the 1930s, the museum made a number of significant acquisitions to the collection, including 48 photographs by Frederick Evans, Augustus Saint-Gaudens’s sculpture Diana (1892–93), and Paul Cézanne’s The Large Bathers (1900–06).

Finally, in 1956 the museum’s collection was relocated in its entirety from Memorial Hall to the building that had opened in 1928. The museum’s building became world famous when its grand front steps appeared in the film Rocky (1976) as part of a training scene for the fictional boxer Rocky Balboa, played by Sylvester Stallone. The museum’s steps themselves then became one of Philadelphia’s major tourist destinations.

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In 2000 the museum further expanded, converting the former headquarters of the Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company—an Art Deco building located across the parkway—into the Ruth and Raymond G. Perelman Building, which contains galleries for costumes and textiles, contemporary art and design, and prints and drawings as well as a library (open to the public) and study centres. In 2009 the museum expanded to include the Anne d’Harnoncourt Sculpture Garden, which was dedicated to the memory of the director and chief executive of the PMA who had died suddenly in 2008. In 2021 the first part of a renovation and expansion of the main building was completed. Designed by architect Frank Gehry, the reconstruction included a refurbished entrance, an atrium for performances and events, and additional gallery space.

Among the many highlights of the PMA collection are Drawing Room from Lansdowne House, designed by Robert Adam (c. 1765–66), Thomas Eakins’s Portrait of Dr. Samuel D. Gross (The Gross Clinic) (1875), Vincent van Gogh’s Sunflowers (1888 or 1889), Edgar Degas’s After the Bath (Woman Drying Herself) (c. 1896), Claude Monet’s The Japanese Footbridge and the Water Lily Pool, Giverny (1899), Marcel Duchamp’s Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912), Grace Kelly’s wedding dress (1956), and Paul Strand’s photographs (acquired in 2010). In the 21st century the PMA was considered the foremost repository for the study of Eakins, Duchamp, and Strand.