White Heron Castle

White Heron Castle, castle in Himeji, Japan, that was built in the 14th century and reconstructed in 1577. It is also known as Shirasagi-jo or Shirasagi Castle, from the Japanese word shirasagi (“egret”).

Built on Mount Himeyama, the castle was originally a fortification for the Akamatsu clan against attacks from local shoguns. When Shogun Toyotomi Hideyoshi, one of the three great unifiers of Japan, took control during the turbulent Warring States period, he added a turreted three-storied castle. The famous five-storied central tower and keep were erected by Terumasa Ikeda, who received it as a gift from his father-in-law, Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu, in 1601 after their victory at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Although the castle proved crucial for asserting Tokugawa rule over the local districts, it has never been damaged by warfare and miraculously escaped the bombings of 1945 during World War II.

Few original Japanese landmarks have survived because their wooden structures were so vulnerable to fire. White Heron Castle is perfectly preserved because its walls were covered and reinforced with white, fireproof plaster. The building’s name derives from this peculiarity as well as from its gracefully upturned eaves, which give the impression of a heron taking flight.

The effective organization of its key buildings and its high stone foundations, watchtowers, fortified passageways, and ramparts confirm that White Heron Castle was not only built as an impenetrable defense stronghold but also devised to wield subtle psychological warfare. The theory has never been tested, but the gates, baileys, and outer walls of the complex are apparently laid out so that the enemy would be forced to circle around the castle on their way to the keep, facing many dead ends along the way and becoming disoriented as if in a maze. Exposed in such a way, intruders could be observed and fired upon during their entire approach. Today, the seemingly endless stairs and passages continue to unsettle and confuse people trying to get in—or out—and visitors easily lose their way.

The castle was reconstructed in 1964, and another major restoration project took place from 2009 to 2015. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993.