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history of France
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France France Roman Gaul Salic Law Frankish kingdom Chlotar II Frankish domains in the time of Charles Martel Battle of Tours Pippin III portrait of Charlemagne by Albrecht Dürer
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history of France: Media

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Videos

The true story of Napoleon Bonaparte
It's no wonder that the man called the Little Corporal has captivated the public...
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Examine early U.S. involvement in Vietnam under the Eisenhower administration during the First Indochina War
French defeat by Viet Minh at Dien Bien Phu, northern Vietnam, 1954.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
History of the Avignon papacy
Learn about how the Papal Palace in Avignon, France, reflects the wealth and power...
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz
Brutal truths of the Battle of Verdun
Overview of the Battle of Verdun, 1916.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Awcnz62/Dreamstime.com
Learn how the French waged war on the communist Viet Minh in the First Indochina War after World War II
First Indochina War erupts in Vietnam, December 19, 1946.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Uncover how the new United States fought with the British over naval impressment and their history of conflict
Learn how the American Revolution and the War of 1812 fit into broader global conflicts...
Video: © Civil War Trust (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
The controversial life and death of Marie-Antoinette
Overview of Marie-Antoinette's life.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz
Did Marie-Antoinette say “Let them eat cake”?
“Qu'ils mangent de la brioche.”
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
What were the consequences of the Treaty of Versailles?
Learn about the 1919 Treaty of Versailles and its aftereffects.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Auckland Museum; Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
See how German troops parachuted behind the Maginot Line as part of the blitzkrieg against Allied forces
The German invasion of France, May 1940; from The Second World War: Triumph of...
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
How the halt command saved British troops in Dunkirk
Overview of the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, 1940.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz

Images

France
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
France
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Roman Gaul
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Salic Law
King Clovis dictating the Salic Law, surrounded by his court of armed military chiefs....
Project Gutenberg (Text 10940)
Frankish kingdom
The division of the Frankish kingdom among the sons of Clovis at his death in 511.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Chlotar II
Chlotar II, gold coin, 7th century; in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.
Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
Frankish domains in the time of Charles Martel
The Frankish domains in the time of Charles Martel (boundaries approximate).
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Battle of Tours
Engraving depicting Frankish leader Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours.
© Photos.com/Getty Images
Pippin III
Pippin III, 19th-century chromolithograph.
© Photos.com/Getty Images
portrait of Charlemagne by Albrecht Dürer
Charlemagne, oil on limewood by Albrecht Dürer, 1512; in the collection of the German...
Archive Photos/Getty Images
Carolingian empire
The Carolingian empire and (inset) divisions after the Treaty of Verdun, 843.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
France in 987
France in 987.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
growth of the French royal domain, 1180–1328
The growth of the French royal domain, 1180–1328.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Philip IV
Philip IV, detail of the statue from his tomb, 14th century; in the abbey church...
Archives Photographiques, Paris
Philip VI
Philip VI, detail from a French manuscript, 14th century; in the Bibliothèque Nationale,...
Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
The Battle of Crécy
Image depicting the Battle of Crécy, during the Hundred Years' War, in which Edward...
© Everett Collection/Shutterstock.com
Charles VI of France
Charles VI of France receiving English envoys, illustration from Jean Froissart's...
The British Library/Robana/REX/Shutterstock.com
Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII in Reims Cathedral, by Jean-Auguste-Dominique...
World History Archive/Alamy
France in 1453
France in 1453.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
French expansion, 1600–1766
French expansion, 1600–1766.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Louis XIII
Louis XIII, engraving by Jaspar Isac, 1633.
Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
Cardinal de Richelieu
Cardinal de Richelieu, detail of a portrait by Philippe de Champaigne; in the Louvre,...
Giraudon/Art Resource, New York
Louis XIV
Portrait of Louis XIV, oil on canvas after Hyacinthe Rigaud, after 1701;...
J. Paul Getty Museum (object no. 70.PA.1); digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program
Hall of Mirrors
The Hall of Mirrors designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, ceiling painted by Charles...
© Mister_Knight/Shutterstock.com
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, undated aquatint.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the Elisha Whittelsey Collection, the Elisha Whittelsey Fund, 1975 (accession no. 1975.616.11); www.metmuseum.org
French and Indian War
Land claims in North America made by Britain, Spain, and France before and after...
Geography and Map Division/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Louis XVI
Louis XVI, oil on canvas by Antoine-François Callet, 1786; in the Musée Carnavalet,...
Fine Art Images/age fotostock
Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun: Queen Marie Antoinette
Queen Marie Antoinette, also known as The Muslin Portrait, oil...
Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Timken Collection (1960.6.41)
Jacques-Louis David: The Tennis Court Oath
The Tennis Court Oath, brown and black ink drawing by Jacques-Louis David,...
© Art Media—Print Collector/Getty Images
storming of the Bastille
The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, depicted in an undated coloured engraving.
Hulton Archive/Getty Images
gouvernements before 1789
Gouvernements before 1789.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
revolutionary départements after 1789
Revolutionary départements after 1789.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Maximilien Robespierre
Maximilien Robespierre.
@ DEA/G.DAGLI ORTI—De Agostini Editorial/Getty Images
Louis XVI: execution by guillotine
The execution of Louis XVI in 1793.
PRISMA ARCHIVO/Alamy
Marie-Antoinette
Execution of Marie-Antoinette, 1793; in the Carnavalet Museum, Paris.
De Agostini Picture Library/age fotostock
arrest of Maximilien Robespierre
The arrest of Maximilien Robespierre, July 27, 1794.
DeAgostini Picture Library/age fotostock
Napoleon I
Bonaparte on the Bridge at Arcole, 17 November 1796, oil on canvas by Antoine-Jean...
© Heritage Images—Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Napoleonic Code
Early version of the Code Civil des Français (“Civil Code of the French”;...
Public Domain Photo
greatest extent of Napoleon I's empire, 1812
Greatest extent of Napoleon I's empire, 1812.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Battle of Waterloo
British army resisting a charge by the French cavalry, Battle of Waterloo, 1815,...
© photos.com/Getty Images
Louis XVIII
Louis XVIII, engraving by Pierre Audouin.
Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
Europe in 1815
Map showing Europe after the Congress of Vienna (1815).
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Charles X
Charles X, king of France 1824 to 1830, Gobelin tapestry, c. 1820, in the National...
Gianni Dagli Orti/Shutterstock.com
Louis-Philippe
Louis-Philippe, detail of a portrait by F.X. Winterhalter; in the Chateau de Versailles,...
Giraudon/Art Resource, New York
Napoleon III
Portrait of Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon I.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Franco-German War
Prussian troops marching past the Arc de Triomphe in Paris during the Franco-Prussian...
Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University Library
Léon Gambetta
Léon Gambetta, photograph by Étienne Carjat; in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.
Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
Dreyfus Affair
Alfred Dreyfus standing before a court-martial at Rennes, France, 1894.
Henry Guttmann—Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Verdun, France
French troops passing though the ruins of Verdun, France, 1916.
Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Ferdinand Foch
Ferdinand Foch.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Paris Peace Conference
(From left to right) Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, British Prime...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
French soldiers during the Ruhr occupation
French soldiers during the occupation of the Ruhr, c. 1924.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Battle of France
Map of the Battle of France (1940).
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Battle of France
French Gen. Charles Huntziger signing surrender documents near Compiègne, France,...
German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv), B 145 Bild-P50284; photographer, Carl Weinrother
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (centre) in front of the Eiffel Tower in Paris shortly after signing...
National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Vichy: Battle of France
Occupation of France, 1940–44.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Charles de Gaulle
Gen. Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French movement, c. 1942.
Hulton Archive/Getty Images
World War II: liberation of Paris
Jacques-Philippe Leclerc during the liberation of Paris, August 1944.
National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Jacques Chirac
Jacques Chirac, 2004.
© Markwaters/Dreamstime.com
Nicolas Sarkozy
Nicolas Sarkozy, 2007.
© Markwaters/Dreamstime.com
François Hollande
François Hollande, 2012.
© Matthieu Riegler
Paris attacks of 2015
Significant sites related to the terrorist attacks in Paris on November 13, 2015.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
National Front
National Front leader Marine Le Pen (middle) and her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen (left),...
© Kenzo Tribouillard—AFP/Getty Images
Emmanuel Macron
French Pres. Emmanuel Macron, 2017.
AP/REX/Shutterstock
Angela Merkel and Emmanuel Macron
German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French Pres. Emmanuel Macron holding hands at...
Philippe Wojazer—AFP/Getty Images
cannon
The French 75-mm cannon, the archetypal rapid-firing gun from its introduction in...
Ian V. Hogg
Somme; machine gun
French soldiers operating a Saint-Étienne machine gun at the Somme, World War I.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Katowice; Silesian uprisings
French tanks and soldiers in the streets of Katowice (Kattowitz), Upper Silesia,...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
November 2015 Paris attacks
Investigators examining the bodies of victims of a terrorist attack on a Paris restaurant,...
Thibault Camus/AP Images
Battle of Waterloo
A collection of significant facts about the Battle of Waterloo.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc./Kenny Chmielewski
Europe: 1812
Europe in 1812.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
European penetration into western Africa in the late 19th century
Map showing European-controlled territories and advances in western Africa in the...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization: members and partners
Map depicting the member countries and partner countries of the North Atlantic Treaty...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc./Kenny Chmielewski
Nuclear tests in the South Pacific
Nuclear tests in the South PacificIslands...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Learn more about the evacuation from Dunkirk to England during World War II
Between May 26 and June 4, 1940, some 340,000 Allied troops were evacuated from the...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc./Kenny Chmielewski