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Criminal or offender profiling, also known as criminal investigative analysis, rests on the assumption that characteristics of an offender can be deduced by a systematic examination of characteristics of the offense. Criminal profiling is most effective in investigations of serial crimes, such as serial murder, because details may be gathered from more than one case. Many law enforcement agencies now use computerized systems to aid them in such investigations; the FBI’s Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (ViCAP), for example, is a database that contains information on violent crimes committed across the United States. The system compares all new cases with all previously entered cases; when two cases are similar enough to have been committed by the same offender, the system alerts the appropriate law enforcement agency. Other countries have developed systems similar to ViCAP; one of the most elaborate is the Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS), which is managed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. ViCLAS collects extensive data on all homicides and attempted homicides, sexual assaults, missing persons, unidentified bodies of persons known or thought to be homicide victims, and nonparental abductions and attempted abductions. A number of countries, including Australia, Austria, Belgium, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, as well as some U.S. states, have adopted ViCLAS. However, although such systems have become an important part of police technology worldwide, their effectiveness has not been independently assessed.
Thomas Whetstone Jean-Paul Brodeur