Suicide bombing as a strategic weapon

Militant groups employ suicide bombing not only for the practical reasons described above but also for broader strategic goals. The Canadian political scientist Mia Bloom noted that suicide bombings are frequently part of a competition between groups for legitimacy, as when the Islamic group Hamas used the willingness of some of its members to kill themselves in attacks against Israel to claim moral superiority over the ruling political party, Fatah, within the Palestinian Authority. Pape, on the other hand, pointed out that suicide bombing can be an effective method to pressure democracies to quit foreign interventions, as happened in the withdrawal of Western forces from Lebanon after 1983 and in India’s decision not to reintroduce military forces into Sri Lanka after Gandhi’s assassination in 1991. Whatever their long-range goals, it is clear that the leaders of some groups, as part of their campaigns to exploit political, social, and economic conditions, utilize suicide bombing in a rational and calculated manner. Yet the success of the tactic does not always translate into success within a strategy of political violence, for suicide bombing is a double-edged sword. If used too frequently and too indiscriminately, it can become less shocking over time and can even alienate the populations that militants need to sustain their long-term struggle. For instance, according to a Pew Global Attitudes study, the very people in Muslim countries who looked favourably upon suicide bombing in 2002, including residents of Lebanon, Indonesia, and Pakistan, clearly expressed their rejection of suicide bombing as a tactic some five years later.

Confronting suicide bombing

As is noted above, suicide bombing is an effective tactic of political violence in part because it is difficult to stop. Despite the difficulty, states confronting suicide attacks must take measures to prevent them. Such measures can be active or offensive, ranging from aggressive law enforcement (including the profiling of select population and age groups) to violent counterterrorist missions against cells, organizations, and leaders. Other measures can be passive or defensive; these might range from highway checkpoints and screening of airline passengers to legal measures against travel or even to the building of walls and fences in order to control movement. Regardless of what measures are used, they must be balanced against the gravity of the threat, lest they erode the values of the community or society under siege and thus cause more damage than the worst suicide attack. For example, although Israel’s security fence, construction of which began in 2002, effectively reduced suicide bombings within Israel, the system of walls and barriers in the West Bank significantly reduced international support and sympathy for Israel in its continuing struggle against Palestinian radicals. Within the United States the ability of the National Security Agency to conduct “warrantless wiretapping,” or electronic monitoring of domestic communication, led legislators and civil liberty groups to declare that such powers endanger due process and the personal freedoms guaranteed by law.