Large biological molecules: Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Large biological molecules: Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Overview of large biological molecules.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Transcript
Flowers and trees, humans and animals.
What do we have in common that keeps us all alive?
Large biological molecules.
Called macromolecules by some authorities, the large biological molecules inside every living organism are essential for the biological processes that sustain life—like growth, cell development, and reproduction.
Let’s start with the basics.
All biological molecules are organic compounds, meaning they contain atoms of the element carbon.
The other elements that make up biological molecules are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
These atoms bond together to form various small molecules called monomers. The monomers, in turn, chemically bond to each other to form complex chains or networks that make the large biological molecules.
There are four major classes of large biological molecules—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides that contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Commonly known as sugars and starches, carbohydrates are the primary source of energy used for cellular processes and brain function.
Another energy-storing biological molecule is the lipid. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
In addition to storing energy, lipids help build certain hormones; provide insulation; and form cell membranes.
Proteins contain atoms from the main three elements plus nitrogen. They are formed from 21 types of monomers called amino acids.
Proteins comprise the majority of the biological molecules in your cells. They build tissues like muscles, and help direct many other bodily functions, including the immune response.
Lastly, nucleic acids—like DNA and RNA—are constructed from monomers called nucleotides, which add phosphorus to the other four composite elements.
Nucleic acids carry your genetic code and translate it into the actual proteins that perform your bodily functions.
Together, these four classes of large biological molecules build and direct the functions of your body, and the bodies of all living things on Earth!
What do we have in common that keeps us all alive?
Large biological molecules.
Called macromolecules by some authorities, the large biological molecules inside every living organism are essential for the biological processes that sustain life—like growth, cell development, and reproduction.
Let’s start with the basics.
All biological molecules are organic compounds, meaning they contain atoms of the element carbon.
The other elements that make up biological molecules are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
These atoms bond together to form various small molecules called monomers. The monomers, in turn, chemically bond to each other to form complex chains or networks that make the large biological molecules.
There are four major classes of large biological molecules—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides that contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Commonly known as sugars and starches, carbohydrates are the primary source of energy used for cellular processes and brain function.
Another energy-storing biological molecule is the lipid. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
In addition to storing energy, lipids help build certain hormones; provide insulation; and form cell membranes.
Proteins contain atoms from the main three elements plus nitrogen. They are formed from 21 types of monomers called amino acids.
Proteins comprise the majority of the biological molecules in your cells. They build tissues like muscles, and help direct many other bodily functions, including the immune response.
Lastly, nucleic acids—like DNA and RNA—are constructed from monomers called nucleotides, which add phosphorus to the other four composite elements.
Nucleic acids carry your genetic code and translate it into the actual proteins that perform your bodily functions.
Together, these four classes of large biological molecules build and direct the functions of your body, and the bodies of all living things on Earth!