The Red List of Threatened Species produced by the International Union for Conservation of Nature classified the American horseshoe crab as a vulnerable species in 2016 and the Japanese horseshoe crab as an endangered species in 2018; however, data remain inconclusive for the other two species of horseshoe crabs. Although comprehensive population estimates of the American horseshoe crab remain elusive, harvesting by humans combined with predation by American red knots (Calidris canutus rufa), foxes (Vulpes), and raccoons (Procyon) is thought to have contributed to a 90 percent decline in American horseshoe crab populations since the 1990s. Japanese horseshoe crabs are also harvested by humans to develop LAL and for food. Other sources of mortality include habitat loss, egg smuggling, and accidental capture in fishing nets.
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