The United States

In the boom days of the 1870s, Nast became a master of personal satire; his long practice in dealing with the professional wood engravers gave him at last a style and scale that triumphed over finicky crosshatching and gave full effect to his ruinous attacks on William Magear (“Boss”) Tweed and other grafters; he was one of the most fertile of symbol makers outside the personal field and is probably the creator of the donkey of the Democratic Party as well as of the Tammany Hall tiger of the New York Democratic organization.

In 1876 Puck was founded. It was soon to develop new artists, notably Joseph Keppler and Bernhard Gillam. They worked in a lithographic style of considerable artistic competence, without the force of Nast or the effortless flow of Daumier, but with plenty of clever analogies and with an understanding of the sort of likeness required in caricature.

England

Punch meanwhile had settled into its richest period, with Tenniel and Harry Furniss as political cartoonists. Vanity Fair (from 1868) offered some competition, especially at first with its regular coloured lithographic antiportraits. These were signed “Ape” (Carlo Pellegrini) and “Spy” (Leslie Ward, later knighted); they kept up a steady supply of big-headed comic figures against an almost invariably blank background. They also kept up the old device of never quite naming the subject in so many words, but as they were directed at a public which was “in the know,” this was part of the fun. These colour caricatures were much loved, and were often framed and hung on private walls. Max Beerbohm (knighted in 1939) devoted himself largely to social and literary satire but almost always on a basis of personal caricature. His deceptively understated outlines and pallid washes, the latter used as local colour for the sake of the overall design, were the perfect means for parodying the good taste of the fin de siècle. His symbols for the writers G.K. Chesterton, G.B. Shaw, Joseph Conrad, and W. Somerset Maugham have become almost the standard views of those writers.

Technical developments

Toward the end of the century there was a rebirth of personal satire which accompanied new techniques of reproduction and perfected enrichments of such older techniques as colour lithography. Photomechanical reproduction, especially after the development of halftone, allowed direct reproduction of the artist’s drawing without personal interpretation by wood engravers or other technicians. Colour lithography, which had been either limp or turgid on the whole, found a new life. The caricaturists who had been able to draw directly on the stone, as Daumier did, had always had more freedom and better control over results than those who worked with pen and paper; now the latter could depend upon themselves and a photomechanical process.

France

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec produced large-scale posters and, earlier, polychrome lithographs for the Parisian publication Le Rire (from 1894) and for independent distribution. He created a new style of informal composition, somewhat influenced by Japanese prints, with bright clear colour, broad, rather casual outlines drawn largely with the brush, a trick of making tone by means of spatter, and a wit that saw through ugliness to a new sort of eloquence. His view of Oscar Wilde was economical and devastating, and his caricatures of theatre and music hall personalities are unmatched. Another French artist, Caran d’Ache (Emmanuel Poiré), worked on a smaller scale with pen and brush and was one of the most effective continental commentators on the South African War.

Germany

The artists of the Munich satirical publication Simplicissimus (from 1896) were all somewhat influenced by Toulouse-Lautrec in their use of white space, spatters, and often random outline; they all commented on those features of German life that were most disliked outside Germany—the didactic professor, the tourist, and the military dandy. Their caricatures in the last field were very thinly veiled; Eduard Thöny, one of this group, was especially popular for the way he conveyed the upper-class boorishness of Prussian officers.

The United States

Charles Dana Gibson was a virtuoso of the pen, using the manner of Punch’s Phil May as a point of departure. He used the pen as he pleased, sometimes in a direct descriptive manner, sometimes with colouristic suggestion, sometimes almost anti-graphically. Though he helped to create the caricature types of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, he was more a social than a personal caricaturist. He is mentioned chiefly because he introduced American physical types called Gibson girls and Gibson men.

A position much like that of Simplicissimus was occupied in the years 1911–17 by The Masses of New York, which had an editorial policy based on socialist idealism. It was served by a group of artists whose fine drawing made their often sharp propaganda tolerable in quarters where it might not otherwise have gotten a hearing. John French Sloan, George Bellows, Boardman Robinson, and Art Young were as likely to deal in social terms as in personal ones, for by this time personal caricature was moving into the newspaper editorial cartoon or the pages of theatrical or sporting news.

Photomechanical reproduction not only allowed greater freedom for comic artists; it made possible the daily newspaper cartoon and later the syndicated editorial cartoon and the comic strip. About the same time as the new generation of weeklies there was a rise in the use, the autographic character, and the influence of pictorial journalism. John T. McCutcheon of the Chicago Tribune, though he used a rather dry and old-fashioned pen technique, was able to range over politics, the “good old days,” the mores of the moment, and sports. His cartoon world, like that of The Masses, was almost entirely urban, but he was one of the first of a generally imperturbable type of American cartoonist, whose view is amused rather than aroused. His career ran from before Theodore Roosevelt to after Franklin D. Roosevelt’s time. In his line of succession stood such men as Edwin Marcus and S.J. Woolf in The New York Times, Oscar Cesare of The Sun, Herbert Block (“Herblock”) of The Washington Post, Daniel Fitzpatrick of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Rollin Kirby of the New York World-Telegram, Bill Mauldin of the Chicago Sun-Times, John Fischetti of the Chicago Daily News, and others too numerous to list.

England and the Continent

The outstanding political commentator of the first half of the 20th century was David Low, a New Zealander, who worked for the Sydney Bulletin before going to Britain. Low was perhaps the best all-around man in the field of caricature since Daumier. His brush drawing was of an Oriental economy, his invention of analogy gleeful without being really outside the classic British educated tradition, and his hatred reserved for a few needful occasions. Like many before him, he employed hackneyed devices (e.g., the heads of a pack of British politicians on dogs’ bodies) but by slyness of expression always managed an original twist. There was almost no one in the political field to touch Low except for the Dutchman Louis Raemaekers during World War I, and Raemaekers was bitter where Low was dry and crisp, with footnotes of rumbling laughter. Jean-Jacques Sennep (pen name of J.-J.-C. Pennès) of Paris’ Le Figaro and Fritz Meinhard of the Stuttgarter Zeitung were important French and German caricaturists of the 20th century.