Policies during World War I

Stresemann was a part of the great majority of Germans who, in the firm belief that Germany was conducting a purely defensive war, greeted the outbreak of World War I with enthusiasm. Because of his poor health he was exempted from military service. His political hour struck, however, in December 1914, when he was returned to the Reichstag in a special election.

Stresemann emerged during the war as one of the most vociferous exponents of pan-Germanism and as a champion of Germany’s extensive claims on Polish and Russian territory in the east and on French and Belgian territory in the west. He virtually took over leadership of his party’s Reichstag faction from Bassermann, whom military service and illness kept away from Berlin much of the time. During these years Stresemann moved increasingly to the right. From 1916 he worked closely with the German Army Supreme Command under Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff and became their parliamentary mouthpiece. He advocated unrestricted U-boat warfare and opposed the policy of Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, who held to a moderate course and did not allow himself to be committed to expansionist war aims.

Stresemann played a leading role in Bethmann Hollweg’s overthrow in July 1917 but failed to bring back to power the former chancellor Bülow, whom he admired. After Bassermann’s death in the same month, Stresemann succeeded him as leader of the party’s Reichstag faction, becoming chairman of the entire party later in the same year. Despite radical differences within the National Liberal ranks, Stresemann was able to prevent a party split between the Reichstag faction and its more conservative counterpart in the Prussian House of Deputies over the Prussian three-class suffrage system, in which a citizen’s vote was weighted according to the value of his property. Hoping to strengthen the monarchy, Stresemann advocated abolition of the voting system. On the other hand, he allowed himself to be deceived about the seriousness of the military situation of the Reich and its allies until the Supreme Command admitted defeat at the end of September 1918.

Conversion into a “realistic republican”

The defeat, the collapse of the monarchy on November 9, 1918, and the flight of Emperor William (Wilhelm) II to Holland were cruel blows to Stresemann. Nonetheless, he quickly accommodated himself to the realities of a republican Germany. However, when the newly formed left-liberal German Democratic Party, led by Naumann and the renowned sociologist Max Weber, refused to admit him to its higher councils, Stresemann founded his own party, the German People’s Party. A right-liberal grouping of educated and propertied elements, it sought to rally the right-wing supporters of the former National Liberal Party. Stresemann, fundamentally a monarchist and an opponent of the Weimar Republic, assumed an ambiguous “wait-and-see” attitude during the rightist Kapp Putsch of March 1920. When the putsch was suppressed, however, he prepared to cooperate politically with the republic. He tried to persuade the democratic parties that the German People’s Party was qualified to participate in a coalition and pressed for a position in the government. For the time being, however, he was still counted among the “national opposition” to the Weimar coalition—the Social Democratic Party, the German Democratic Party, and the Centre Party.

Stresemann, a member of the German National Constituent Assembly in Weimar in 1919–20, was an opponent of the new German constitution. He also opposed the Treaty of Versailles and was to devote his political life to its revision. From 1920 until his death Stresemann was a Reichstag deputy and chairman of the German People’s Party, and in August 1923 he became chancellor of the Reich at the head of a “Great Coalition,” composed of representatives of the Social Democrats, the Centre, and the German Democrats, as well as of his People’s Party.

As chancellor from August 13 to November 23, 1923, during the crisis over the Allied occupation of the Ruhr, and as foreign minister from August 1923 to his death, Stresemann exercised decisive influence over the fate of the Weimar Republic, and he became a statesman of European stature. His first decision as chancellor was to abandon the policy of passive resistance in the Ruhr, which in January 1923 had been occupied by French and Belgian troops to enforce payment of German war reparations. This policy had accelerated inflation and was precipitating a financial collapse.

On the domestic scene, he sought to steer his way among opposing domestic forces. While proceeding harshly against communist-influenced state governments in Thuringia and Saxony, he displayed a lenient attitude toward revolutionary attempts of the radical right, such as the Beer Hall Putsch of Adolf Hitler on November 8–9, 1923, in Munich. At the height of the internal political crisis of November 1923 there was danger that the occupied territory west of the Rhine (occupied by the Allies) might withdraw from the Reich. Only the stabilization of the currency in the middle of November—the last significant achievement of Stresemann’s government—restored domestic order and created the basis for economic recovery.