James Cockburn

James Cockburn (born February 13, 1819, Berwick-upon-Tweed, England—died August 14, 1883, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) was a politician and lawyer who was Canada’s first Speaker of the House of Commons. His participation in the Québec Conference of 1864 made him one of the Fathers of Confederation.

Early life and career

Cockburn was the son of a merchant. When his family immigrated to Lower Canada in 1832, his father settled them in Montréal but soon died of cholera. Cockburn’s mother subsequently moved the family to York (Toronto). There, Cockburn was educated at Upper Canada College. He went on to study law and gained admission to the Bar of Upper Canada in 1846. He then moved to Cobourg, where he practised law and participated in various business endeavours. By 1866, he was nearly bankrupt after his business affairs ran into difficulties. He never restored his financial position throughout the rest of his life.

Political career

Though Cockburn wasn’t a prominent lawyer and proved to be a poor businessman, he did see some success in politics. He served on the Cobourg Town Council from 1855 to 1856 and again from 1858 to 1859. His reputation as an honest man who dealt fairly with local matters presented him as a strong candidate for the Legislative Council.

In 1861, Cockburn was elected as an independent candidate to represent Northumberland West in the Legislative Assembly, defeating John A. Macdonald’s postmaster general. During the election, Macdonald initially described Cockburn as “a Tory of the old school,” indicating that he belonged to “the old fossil party” that was a legacy of the Family Compact. But Cockburn was a strong nationalist and expressed his desire to see all political parties united in common interest. This leaning allowed him to empathize with Macdonald, who saw the need to unite the provinces. By 1862, Cockburn’s support of a proposed militia act saw him emerge as a supporter of Macdonald. In 1863, he was elected by acclamation as a Liberal-Conservative and then in the following year he won a by-election. He was appointed solicitor general in March 1864.

Confederation

As a member of the Great Coalition, Cockburn was an attending delegate at the Québec Conference in 1864. Cockburn endorsed representation by population but he wanted unity of political opinion for it to be achieved. However, Cockburn’s contributions to the proceedings in Québec, and his participation in debates on Confederation in the Legislative Assembly, are negligible. Documentation from the period indicates that he barely spoke a word. Despite his silence, during the delegation tour following the Québec Conference, Cockburn hosted a dinner meeting in Cobourg. This stop is predominantly seen as a move to please the local delegate, who at that point was a loyal supporter of Macdonald.

Life and career after Confederation

Cockburn was elected as a Conservative by acclamation to the first federal Parliament in 1867, but he was demoted from his ministerial role. He instead served as Speaker of the House of Commons until 1874. The Liberals held him in low regard during that period, and members from Québec also expressed displeasure at his inability to speak French—though he did understand the language. He lost his seat for Northumberland West in 1874 and when he ran in a by-election for Northumberland East, he was again unsuccessful. He managed to win re-election in 1878 and served until 1881.

Cockburn was labeled “an inferior man” by Alexander Mackenzie, Canada’s first Liberal prime minister. In the later years of his life, he became ill and moved his family to Ottawa in an attempt to re-establish himself as a lawyer but even then remained destitute, relieved by occasional bits of Tory patronage.

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Legacy

Cockburn is not seen as an overly distinguished parliamentarian. He focused on attending to patronage problems among his constituents and tended to his portfolio in a routine manner. However, his unanimous appointment as Speaker secured him a place in history. He was the first Speaker in the Dominion and the only Speaker who was a Father of Confederation. His careful study of parliamentary law and his cool temperament in managing parliamentarians is seen as having established the tact with which Speakers who followed perform their duties. Historian Percy Climo labels Cockburn’s time as Speaker as being his “crowning achievement.”

An earlier version of this entry was published by The Canadian Encyclopedia .