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Jesus
Table of Contents
Introduction
Name and title
Summary of Jesus’ life
Jewish Palestine at the time of Jesus
The political situation
Relations between Jewish areas and nearby Gentile areas
Economic conditions
The Jewish religion in the 1st century
Sources for the life of Jesus
The context of Jesus’ career
Main aspects of Jesus’ teaching
The kingdom of God
Inclusion in the kingdom
The relation of Jesus’ teaching to the Jewish law
Ethics
Miracles
Controversy and danger in Galilee
Crowds and autonomy
Scribes and Pharisees
Jesus’ last week
The Resurrection
The picture of Christ in the early church: The Apostles’ Creed
Preexistence
Jesus Christ
God’s only Son
The Lord
Incarnation and humiliation
Conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary
Suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried
He descended into hell
Glorification
The third day he rose again from the dead
He ascended into heaven, and sits at the right hand of God the Father almighty
From thence he shall come to judge the living and the dead
The dogma of Christ in the ancient councils
The Councils of Nicaea and Constantinople
Early heresies
Nicaea
Constantinople
The Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon
The parties
The settlement at Chalcedon
The interpretation of Christ in Western faith and thought
Doctrines of the person and work of Christ
The medieval development
The Reformation and classical Protestantism
The debate over Christology in modern Christian thought
Origins of the debate
The 19th century
The 20th century and beyond
References & Edit History
Quick Facts & Related Topics
Images & Videos
For Students
Pop Quiz: 19 Things to Know About Christianity
Jesus summary
Quizzes
How To Celebrate Christmas Quiz
Everything You Need To Know About Christmas Quiz
Related Questions
Who was St. Peter?
How did St. Peter die?
What is St. Peter the patron saint of?
Read Next
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St. Paul’s Contributions to the New Testament
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Why Is Ireland Two Countries?
Contents
Home
Philosophy & Religion
Religious Personages & Scholars
Jesus: Media
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Videos
What is Palm Sunday?
Palm Sunday is celebrated by Christian communities on the Sunday before Easter.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
What and when is Easter?
Celebrations of Easter have been documented as early as the 2nd century.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
What do eggs have to do with Easter?
How did a Christian holiday get scrambled up with colored eggs?
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The significance of the Dead Sea Scrolls
Overview of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz
The significance of Easter in Christianity
Overview of the Christian celebration of Easter.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Carlos Mora/Dreamstime.com
Are the Shroud of Turin and the True Cross genuine relics?
Learn about scholarly analyses of evidence supporting the possibility that the True...
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz
Images
Jesus Christ
Icon painting of Jesus Christ as Pantocrator.
© Stanisa Martinovic/Dreamstime.com
Holy Family
Stained-glass window depicting Joseph, Mary, and the baby Jesus.
© Andy Rhodes/Fotolia
“Tree of Jesse”
“Tree of Jesse,” symbolizing Jesus' descent from the house of David, illuminated...
Bibliotheque Municipale de Douai, France—Giraudon/Art Resource, New York
Abraham Bloemaert:
The Preaching of St. John the Baptist
The Preaching of St. John the Baptist
, painting on canvas by Abraham Bloemaert;...
Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Palestine during the time of Herod the Great and his sons
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Baptism of Jesus
The baptism of Jesus by St. John the Baptist, from an Armenian evangelistary (1587).
Photos.com/Getty Images
El Greco:
Christ Healing the Blind
Christ Healing the Blind
, oil on canvas by El Greco, c. 1570; in the Metropolitan...
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, (Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Wrightsman, 1978), www.metmuseum.org
Leonardo da Vinci:
Last Supper
Last Supper
, wall painting by Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1495–98, before the...
SuperStock
Sagrada Família: sculpture of Pontius Pilate
Pontius Pilate washing his hands, sculpture by Josep Maria Subirachs; from the facade...
© Ron Gatepain (
A Britannica Publishing Partner
)
Caravaggio:
The Entombment of Christ
The Entombment of Christ
, oil on canvas by Caravaggio (1602–04); in the...
SCALA/Art Resource, New York
Liberale da Verona:
Jesus Before the Gates of Jerusalem
Jesus Before the Gates of Jerusalem
, manuscript illumination by Liberale...
SCALA/Art Resource, New York
Holy Trinity
The Trinity represented by Christ as a man, the Holy Spirit as a dove, and God the...
Ara Guler, Istanbul
Hagia Sophia
The Virgin Mary and Christ Child between Justinian I (left), holding a model of the...
© Joel Carillet—iStock/Getty Images
Matthias Grünewald:
Crucifixion
panel of the Isenheim Altarpiece
The
Crucifixion
, center panel of the Isenheim Altarpiece (closed view),...
Giraudon/Art Resource, New York
Jesus
Jesus enthroned as Lord of All (Pantocrator), with the explaining letters IC XC,...
Farrell Grehan/Photo Researchers
St. Augustine
Fresco of St. Augustine by Sandro Botticelli, 1480; in the Church of Ognissanti,...
Leemage—Corbis Historical/Getty Images
Jesus Christ
Christ as Ruler, with the Apostles and Evangelists (represented by the beasts). The...
De Antonis
Jesus Christ flanked by Empress Zoe (right) and Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus...
© Pavle Marjanovic/Shutterstock.com
Jesus Christ
Jesus Christ, detail of the Deesis Mosaic, from the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, 12th...
© Sergii Figurnyi/stock.adobe.com
Figure 201: Interplay between architecture and mosaics in the monastery church at...
Rene Percheron-J.P. Ziolo
Cefalù, Sicily, Italy: cathedral mosaic
Mosaic picture of Jesus Christ in the cathedral in Cefalù, Sicily, Italy.
© Fernando Fernández Baliña/Getty Images
Stained-glass window depicting Jesus with the Holy Grail at the Last Supper.
© Tony Baggett/stock.adobe.com
Bertel Thorvaldsen:
Christ
Christ
, marble statue by Bertel Thorvaldsen, 1821; in the Church of Our...
Courtesy of the Thorvaldsen Museum, Copenhagen
Ascension
The Ascension of Jesus Christ, gold mosaic; in Neamt Monastery, Rom.
© nickpit/Shutterstock.com
Baptism of Jesus by St. John the Baptist
The baptism of Jesus by St. John the Baptist in the Jordan River; from an Armenian...
© Photos.com/Thinkstock
Kells, Book of
Illuminated depiction of the first two letters of Christ's name in Greek, chi and...
Photos.com/Thinkstock
Communion of the Apostles
Communion of the Apostles
, panel by Justus of Ghent, c. 1473–74; in the...
SCALA/Art Resource, New York
Jesus before Pilate
Jesus appearing before Pontius Pilate and Caiphas while the prisoner Barabbas stands...
Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Plate 5: Jesus at Bethany in the house of Simon the leper, detail of a fresco in...
(bottom left) Giraudon/Art Resource, New York
Pontius Pilate
Jesus appearing before Pontius Pilate, fresco, 15th century; in Öja Church, Gotland,...
Wolfgang Sauber
Sandro Botticelli:
Mystic Nativity
Mystic Nativity
, oil on canvas by Sandro Botticelli, 1500; in the National...
© Corel
Nativity miniature from the Benedictional of St. Aethelwold
Nativity miniature from the Benedictional of St. Aethelwold, Winchester, Hampshire,...
By permission of the British Library
Raphael:
Resurrection of Christ
Resurrection of Christ
, oil on wood panel by Raphael, 1499–1502; in the...
Pictures Now/Alamy
Sacred Heart of Jesus
Painting depicting the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
The Holy Family
, oil on panel transferred to hardboard, by Giorgione,
c.
...
Courtesy of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Samuel H. Kress Collection
Foreshortened figure of Christ,
The Mourning over the Dead Christ
, tempera...
SCALA/Art Resource, New York
Giotto:
The Nativity
The Nativity
, fresco by Giotto, c. 1305–06, depicting the birth of Jesus;...
© Fine Art Images/Heritage Images—Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Piero della Francesca:
The Nativity
The Nativity
, oil on poplar by Piero della Francesca, 1470–75; in the National...
Universal History Archive—Universal Images Group/Getty Images
Transfiguration of Christ, mosaic icon, early 13th century; in the Louvre, Paris.
Giraudon/Art Resource, New York
Hagia Sophia: panel
Panel depicting the Virgin and Child with the emperor John II Comnenus and the empress...
© Tolga TEZCAN—E+/Getty Images
Jesus
Jesus, detail of the Deësis Mosaic, from the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, 12th century.
© senaiaksoy—iStock/Getty Images
VIEW MORE
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