John A. Costello
- In full:
- John Aloysius Costello
- Died:
- January 5, 1976, Dublin (aged 84)
- Also Known As:
- John Aloysius Costello
- Title / Office:
- Dáil (1933-1959), Ireland
- Political Affiliation:
- Fine Gael
John A. Costello (born June 20, 1891, Dublin, Ireland—died January 5, 1976, Dublin) was the taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland from 1948 to 1951 and from 1954 to 1957.
A prosperous lawyer who had served as attorney general, he owed his selection as taoiseach to a coalition of several parties (including his own Fine Gael) and prominent independent politicians united in opposition to Eamon De Valera’s Fianna Fáil (“Soldiers of Destiny”). During his first term as taoiseach, he introduced into the Dáil Éireann (lower house of the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament) the Republic of Ireland Act (1948), by which Ireland withdrew from the Commonwealth of Nations. His second government was marked by a sharp increase in acts of terrorism by the unlawful Irish Republican Army (IRA). He resigned as opposition leader in 1959 when De Valera became president and Sean Lemass taoiseach.