Last years. of Karl, Reichsfreiherr vom und zum Stein

In August 1808 a letter in which Stein indiscreetly referred to the likelihood of war against France was intercepted by Napoleon’s agents; and on November 24, yielding to French pressure, Frederick William dismissed him from office. Next, when Napoleon had declared him a public enemy (December 16), Stein had to take refuge on Austrian territory. In May 1812 he was summoned to the court of the Russian emperor Alexander I to be one of his political advisers. In the following winter, on the collapse of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia, Stein urged the pursuit of the retreating French Army beyond the Russian frontiers; and early in 1813 he not only helped to organize the raising of troops in East Prussia but also negotiated the Russo-Prussian Treaty of Kalisz, the formal signal for Prussia’s rising against Napoleon. He used his moral authority, during the War of Liberation and the Congress of Vienna, to work for a political union of the German states.

In 1816 Stein retired to his country property of Kappenberg in Westphalia. Even in his old age his energy did not desert him. German historical science, in fact, owes to Stein’s efforts its most important enterprise of publishing. The Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde (Society for Earlier German History) was founded on Jan. 20, 1819, at his house in Frankfurt am Main, with him as its head and its coordinating force. The Gesellschaft has remained the most important organization for the publication of source materials on German medieval history. The publication of the great documentary series Monumenta Germaniae Historica, which began in 1826, became the particular occupation of Stein’s last years. As he himself said, he called the Monumenta into being “in order to give life to the savour of German history, to facilitate the study of its foundations, and thereby to contribute to the preservation of love of the common fatherland.”

Stein was the greatest statesman concerned with Prussia’s internal affairs since Frederick William I. He introduced liberal and constitutional elements into the absolutist state and, by his example and influence, made participation in public life a moral postulate.