Kevin McCarthy

Kevin McCarthy (born January 26, 1965, Bakersfield, California, U.S.) is an American Republican politician and member of the U.S. House of Representatives, who became speaker of the House in January 2023 but was ousted in historic fashion later that year, on October 3.

Early life

McCarthy is the youngest of three children of a homemaker mother and an assistant fire chief father. He grew up in the middle-class College Heights neighborhood of Bakersfield, a large city in south-central California dominated by agriculture and oil production. McCarthy’s family has lived in Kern county (in which Bakersfield is located) for four generations.

Following graduation from high school, McCarthy briefly attended community college. At the same time, he earned money by refurbishing automobiles acquired at auctions in Los Angeles and then selling them. In October 1984, at age 20, he bought a lottery ticket that proved to be a $5,000 winner. The episode is at the centre of McCarthy’s oft-told origin story as a politician, in which he recounts how that fortuitous moment started him on the road to entrepreneurship. Having invested his winnings in the stock market, McCarthy used his profits to purchase a small business, Kevin O’s Deli, which was located in a yogurt shop in Bakersfield owned by his aunt and uncle (McCarthy withdrew from school in the process). McCarthy has used this anecdote to herald his experience as a small business owner and to deride excessive government regulation.

McCarthy sold his business and used the profits to return to college in 1987, earning an undergraduate business degree (1989) and a master’s degree in business administration (1994) from California State University, Bakersfield. His interest in politics had earlier been piqued by the contrast he found between what he saw as the pessimism of Jimmy Carter and the optimism of Ronald Reagan. The year McCarthy returned to school, he also began his association with influential Republican Congressman Bill Thomas. McCarthy initially acted as an intern before becoming a longtime member of the staff of Thomas, who had a huge impact on his life.

Personal life

As a boy, McCarthy suffered from a speech impediment and worked with a therapist, a history that has been cited as the cause for his occasional awkwardness as a public speaker. Not a stellar student, he played tight end on the Bakersfield High School football team. Although not a standout on the squad, he was inducted into the school’s athletic hall of fame in 2014, in what McCarthy and the school agree had more to do with his political than his athletic prowess. In a high-school biology class, he met Judy Wages, the young woman who would eventually become his wife in 1992 (they have a son, Connor, and a daughter, Meghan).

Political career

After serving as the chair of the California Young Republicans in the 1990s, McCarthy chaired the Young Republican National Federation (1999–2001). His first elected office was as a member of the Kern County Community College District Board of Trustees in 2000. Within three years, not only had he been elected to the California Assembly (2002) but also, at age 38, he had become its Republican minority leader, likely because of a combination of Thomas’s influence and McCarthy’s impressive fundraising skills.

In 2006, upon Thomas’s retirement, McCarthy was elected to his mentor’s safe Republican seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. McCarthy’s rise to prominence came quickly in Washington too. Although his command of the details of policy and his commitment to any particular ideology have been questioned throughout McCarthy’s political career, few observers have ever doubted his emotional intelligence. Arguably, relationship building is McCarthy’s greatest skill, as demonstrated by his work to become exceedingly familiar with his colleagues’ personalities, histories, preferences, and idiosyncrasies—knowledge gained partly through his exhaustive study of the detailed profiles of legislators in The Almanac of American Politics.

Are you a student?

Get a special academic rate on Britannica Premium.

Subscribe

McCarthy was reelected to the House in 2008, continuing a chain of consecutive victories that would stretch to 2020. In 2009 he became the House Republicans’ chief deputy whip, assisting party whip Eric Cantor. (Whips makes sure that all of a party’s legislators vote the same way on specific legislation.) When Cantor became the majority leader after the Republicans took control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections, McCarthy took on the role of majority whip. He also joined Cantor and future House leader Paul Ryan as a coauthor of Young Guns: A New Generation of Conservative Leaders (2010). In 2014 McCarthy again replaced Cantor, this time as majority leader, after Cantor lost his seat in a primary challenge. McCarthy’s long-held ambition to become speaker of the House seemed about to be fulfilled when John Boehner was effectively forced to resign in 2015. However, his candidacy was undermined by a combination of the rumor of his marital infidelity (denied by McCarthy), the belief of some on the party’s right wing that he was not conservative enough, and an untimely major gaffe by McCarthy: in boasting that the House’s Republican-led investigation of the 2012 Benghazi incident had undermined the popularity of former secretary of state and Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, McCarthy violated the unspoken rule that the motivation for the committee’s investigation not be acknowledged. McCarthy withdrew his candidacy; Ryan became the speaker.

Whereas Ryan had an uneasy relationship with Donald Trump, McCarthy quickly developed a rapport with the new Republican president. Moreover, McCarthy came to Trump’s defense on the matters of Russian meddling in the 2016 election and the president’s phone call with Ukrainian Pres. Volodymyr Zelensky, which led to Trump’s first impeachment. After Ryan chose not to run for reelection in 2018 and the House swung back to Democratic control, the Republican caucus chose McCarthy as minority leader.

McCarthy’s relationship with Trump soured after the storming of the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021, most notably when McCarthy rebuked Trump for the role he played in the attack, saying from the House floor, “The president bears responsibility for Wednesday’s attack on Congress by mob rioters.” By the end of January, however, apparently responding to the Republican base’s continued support for Trump, McCarthy traveled to Trump’s Florida home in pursuit of rapprochement with the now former president. In October McCarthy’s relationship with Trump was threatened again when a New York Times report revealed that, in the aftermath of the attack, McCarthy had told Republican colleagues that he planned to advise the president to resign.

After Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi refused to seat two of the Republican representatives chosen by McCarthy to serve on the committee investigating the January 6th attack (Jim Jordan and Jim Banks), McCarthy withdrew his other nominees and sought to block Republican involvement in the committee, which he branded a “sham process.” When Representatives Adam Kinzinger and Liz Cheney ignored that directive, the Republican National Committee censured them, and McCarthy saw that Cheney was stripped of her leadership role within the party. Later, however, some Republicans, including Trump, criticized McCarthy for allowing the committee to proceed without a countervailing Republican presence, especially after it became clear that the committee’s findings were damaging Trump’s reputation.

For months, Republicans approached the 2022 midterm elections with the expectation that they would benefit from the tendency of the party in control of the White House to lose such elections. Moreover, there was a sense that the GOP would not only regain control of the House of Representatives but also ride a “red wave” to a commanding majority in the chamber by virtue of the electorate’s widespread disenchantment with climbing inflation (especially with high gas and grocery prices). As the elections drew closer, however, it appeared that, for many voters, the principal issue was instead abortion rights, in response to the Supreme Court’s June 2022 decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization. In the end, the race for control of the House proved to be surprisingly close: the Republicans secured a slim 222–213 majority.

Despite their party’s disappointing performance in the midterm elections, on November 15 the Republican caucus voted 188–31 to retain McCarthy as its leader rather than replace him with right-wing challenger Andy Biggs of Arizona. Nevertheless, weeks of negotiating and dealmaking followed as McCarthy sought to win the reluctant support of the party’s right wing, which would be necessary for him to become the speaker of the House in the new Congress. Most notably, he acquiesced on a rules change that would allow as few as five representatives to trigger a vote on removing him from the speakership, which seemingly threatened to put his leadership in constant peril. To become speaker, McCarthy needed to win 218 votes from the full body of the House (barring any absences or votes of “present”) in its opening session on January 3, 2023.

In the first round of voting, a group of 19 hard-line conservatives, made up almost exclusively of members of the far-right Freedom Caucus, denied McCarthy the support necessary to become speaker, marking the first time since 1923 that the vote on the speakership would require more than one ballot. Over the coming days, through successive votes, right-wing Republican opponents to McCarthy’s candidacy continued to block his ascent to the speakership, despite a raft of concessions that he granted them. As the process stagnated, to the great embarrassment of the Republican leadership, speculation mounted regarding an acceptable compromise candidate to replace McCarthy. Rep. Steve Scalise of Louisiana, who had been elected in November following the midterms to serve as majority leader, headed the list of potential alternative candidates; however, he remained steadfast in his support of McCarthy’s pursuit of the speakership. In the wee hours of the morning of January 7, 2023, McCarthy, with the help of such controversial lawmakers as Marjorie Taylor Greene, was elected speaker of the House on the 15th ballot.

Throughout what proved to be a short tenure as speaker, McCarthy struggled to find common ground not only with the White House and Democrats but also with many of those same right-wing Republican House members who had opposed his candidacy for speaker. As the deadline for passing a continuing resolution to maintain funding of the government approached, a clutch of right-wing Republicans appeared willing to allow a government shutdown if their demands for budget cuts and other aspects of their agenda were not met. Rather than permit a politically and economically damaging shutdown, on September 30 McCarthy forged an 11th-hour agreement with Democrats on a stopgap bill that prolonged funding of the government until mid-November. That measure passed by a vote of 335 to 91, with 126 Republicans and 209 Democrats supporting the bill, while 90 Republicans and 1 Democrat opposed it. The Senate voted quickly to approve it.

On October 3, believing that they had been betrayed by McCarthy, a group of right-wing Republican House members sought to remove him as speaker. When Democrats elected not to take action to prevent McCarthy’s ouster, a bill which sought to block a vote on McCarthy’s leadership failed by a count of 208 to 218, as 11 Republicans voted to not block the vote. Eight Republicans then joined all of the Democrats in voting 216 to 210 to remove McCarthy from office. According to Rep. Matt Gaetz of Florida, it was Freedom Caucus member Lauren Boebert who then recommended Rep. Mike Johnson of Louisiana as McCarthy’s replacement.

After losing the speakership, McCarthy announced he would resign his seat representing California’s 20th Congressional District at the end of 2023. Vincent Fong, a former McCarthy staff member who got his ex-boss’s endorsement, won a May 2024 special election to finish McCarthy’s term.