Mohamed Morsi

Mohamed Morsi (born August 20, 1951, Al-Sharqiyyah governorate, Egypt—died June 17, 2019, Cairo, Egypt) was an Egyptian engineer and politician who was president of Egypt (2012–13). He was removed from the presidency by a military action in July 2013, following massive demonstrations against his rule.

Early life and political involvement

Mohamed Morsi was born in Al-Sharqiyyah governorate, on the eastern side of the Nile delta. He studied engineering at Cairo University, earning a bachelor’s degree in 1975 and a master’s degree in engineering metallurgy in 1978. He then traveled to the United States to continue his education, earning a Ph.D. in engineering from the University of Southern California in 1982. After receiving his doctorate, he taught engineering at California State University, Northridge, until 1985. During that time he also worked for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on the development of engines for the space shuttle program.

In 1985 he returned to Egypt and became a professor of engineering at Zagazig University, a position that he held until 2010. Morsi also became active in politics as a member of the Muslim Brotherhood. In 2000 he was elected to the People’s Assembly; because the Muslim Brotherhood, an Islamist organization, was formally banned in Egypt, he held the seat as an independent. During this time Morsi pressed the government to enact political reform, calling for the lifting of repressive measures, including the emergency law, which granted the police unlimited powers of arrest and detention, and laws limiting the formation of political parties. He also established himself as a social conservative, calling for the government to place tighter restrictions on entertainment that he considered indecent. Morsi lost his seat in 2005, when the administration of Pres. Hosni Mubarak used electoral fraud to reverse the gains made by the Muslim Brotherhood in 2000.

Morsi was subsequently appointed to the Muslim Brotherhood’s Guidance Bureau, the organization’s highest executive body. In 2006 he was arrested and imprisoned for seven months after participating in protests calling for the establishment of an independent judiciary in Egypt. He was also arrested during protests in January 2011 that forced Mubarak to step down as president. (See Egypt Uprising of 2011.)

Presidency

Mubarak’s ouster cleared the way for the Muslim Brotherhood to participate openly in Egyptian politics, and to that end the group formed the Freedom and Justice Party. In April 2012 the party selected Morsi to be its candidate in Egypt’s presidential election after Khayrat al-Shater, the party’s original candidate, was disqualified from running. Morsi won the largest total in the first round of voting in May and defeated Ahmed Shafiq, a former prime minister under Mubarak, in a runoff held on June 16 and 17.

Morsi prepared to take office during a period of political uncertainty. The dissolution of the Muslim Brotherhood-led People’s Assembly by the Egyptian Supreme Constitutional Court on June 14 and the interim military government’s surprise constitutional declaration on June 17, which stripped the presidency of much of its authority, raised new questions about the interim government’s willingness to cede power to elected officials. On June 30 Morsi was sworn in as president.

Although Morsi began his presidency in a state of apparent subordination to the interim military government of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, he moved to take the upper hand in mid-August, announcing the retirement of several senior members of the council and revoking the constitutional declaration of June 17.

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Morsi’s first major foreign policy success came in November 2012, when he garnered international praise for helping to broker a cease-fire in a weeklong conflict between Israel and Hamas in the Gaza Strip. On November 22, the day after the cease-fire took effect, Morsi moved to address his often contentious relations with Egypt’s judiciary by issuing an edict declaring that his authority as president would not be subject to any form of judicial oversight until a permanent constitution came into effect. The decree also removed the courts’ power to dissolve the Constituent Assembly, a 100-member body responsible for drafting a new constitution, and opened the way for the retrial of officials implicated in violence against protesters during the uprising against Mubarak. Although Morsi defended the edict as a necessary measure to protect Egypt’s transition to democracy, mass demonstrations were held against what many saw as a seizure of dictatorial powers.

On November 30 the Constituent Assembly approved a draft constitution written by Islamists without the input of boycotting Christian and secularist members. Morsi called for a referendum on the draft to be held on December 15. Both opponents and supporters of Morsi staged rallies around the country, resulting in some of the largest demonstrations since 2011. Crowds demanding Morsi’s ouster gathered at the presidential palace and ransacked several Muslim Brotherhood offices. As protests continued in early December, Morsi bowed to public anger and rescinded parts of his constitutional decree but retained the article preventing the courts from dissolving the Constituent Assembly. He declared martial law on December 9, authorizing the military to make arrests and keep order until the constitutional referendum could be held. The draft constitution was approved by voters and took effect in late December.

Ouster, imprisonment, and death

Worsening economic conditions, deteriorating public services, and a string of sectarian incidents exacerbated political polarization and strengthened opposition to Morsi’s rule. Clashes between Morsi’s supporters and critics in late June 2013 culminated in massive anti-Morsi protests around the country on June 30, the first anniversary of his inauguration.

On July 1 the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, issued an ultimatum, declaring that the military was ready to intervene to prevent chaos in the country if Morsi was unable to placate the protesters. Morsi responded to the protests by offering negotiations with the opposition but refused to step down. On July 3 the military made good on its ultimatum, suspending the constitution, removing Morsi from the presidency. Morsi was placed under arrest, along with several other Muslim Brotherhood leaders.

The months that followed saw supporters of Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood driven back underground in Egypt. In late July and August the security forces violently suppressed demonstrations against Morsi’s removal, killing more than 1,000 protesters. The Muslim Brotherhood was formally outlawed in September. Sisi—who had led the ouster of Morsi—left the military to run for president and was elected in 2014.

Morsi faced separate trials for a variety of offenses, including having incited Muslim Brotherhood supporters to kill demonstrators who staged an anti-Morsi protest in 2012 and having colluded with foreign groups such as Hamas, Hezbollah, and Iran’s Revolutionary Guards. In his statements in court, Morsi refused to recognize the legitimacy of the proceedings against him and insisted that he remained president of Egypt. In April 2015 he was sentenced to 20 years in prison for inciting violence against protesters. A month later he was sentenced to death for his alleged role in acts of violence committed during a mass prison break that took place in January 2011, during the uprising against Mubarak. In June 2015 he was also sentenced to life in prison for conspiring with foreign militant groups to commit acts of terrorism in Egypt.

In 2016 an Egyptian court overturned Morsi’s death sentence and the life sentence against him for conspiring with foreign groups and ordered a retrial. Morsi remained in prison while the new trial was underway. Prison conditions were harsh, and he was denied adequate medical attention. On June 17, 2019, he collapsed while in court and was pronounced dead shortly after.