William Harvey

William Harvey (born April 1, 1578, Folkestone, Kent, England—died June 3, 1657, London) was an English physician who was the first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body and to provide experiments and arguments to support this idea.

Education and appointment as Lumleian lecturer

Harvey had seven brothers and two sisters, and his father, Thomas Harvey, was a farmer and landowner. Harvey attended the King’s School in Canterbury, Kent, from 1588 to 1593 and went on to study arts and medicine at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, from 1593 to 1599. He continued his studies at the University of Padua, the leading European medical school at the time. He became a student of Italian anatomist and surgeon Hieronymous Fabricius, who had a considerable influence on Harvey. It is also likely that Harvey was taught by Italian philosopher Cesare Cremonini, a prominent follower of Aristotle.

Harvey earned his doctorate from Padua on April 25, 1602, and then returned to England to work as a doctor. In 1604 he married Elizabeth Browne, the daughter of Launcelot Browne, a London physician, who served as physician to James I, the king of England and Scotland. Harvey and his wife appear to have been happy together, and Harvey referred to her as “my dear deceased loving wife” in his will. However, they did not have any children. Harvey was a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London from 1607 and was active in this society for the remainder of his life. In 1615 he was appointed Lumleian lecturer in surgery at the Royal College, a post he held until 1656 (the Lumleian lecture series was named after Lord John Lumley). In 1609 he was appointed physician at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, a post he held until 1643, when the parliamentary authorities in London had him replaced, Harvey being a staunch supporter of the monarchy.

Physician to the king

Harvey was appointed physician to James I in 1618 and continued as physician to Charles I upon Charles’s accession to the throne in 1625. Harvey built a considerable practice in this period, tending to many important men, including author and philosopher Sir Francis Bacon. In 1625 Harvey led the group of doctors attending James during his last illness and was an important witness in the trial of George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, who was accused of poisoning the king. Harvey was rewarded by Charles I for his care of James. Charles and Harvey seem to have enjoyed an amicable relationship, Harvey being allowed to experiment on the royal herd of deer and presenting interesting medical cases to the king.

Harvey lived during the European witch hunt. He was involved in one of the cases, in 1634, and had to examine four women accused of witchcraft. At a time when belief in witches was commonplace and to deny their existence was heresy, it would have been very easy to interpret any suspicious behaviour or mark on the body as positive evidence of witchcraft. It is much to Harvey’s credit that he treated the case with an open mind and was willing to consider scientific explanations of the evidence allegedly showing witchcraft. The alleged witches were found to be innocent.

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Quiz: Ancient Illustrations Showing Us the Way

In 1636 Harvey acted as doctor to a diplomatic mission sent to see the Holy Roman emperor, Ferdinand II. This involved nearly a year of travel around Europe. He met renowned German professor of medicine Casper Hofmann at Nürnberg and attempted to demonstrate the circulation of the blood to him. Harvey also had a wide interest in philosophy, literature, and art. During the diplomatic mission of 1636 he visited Italy to look for paintings for the royal collection. He was friends with Robert Fludd, an important English physician and philosopher whose primary interest concerned natural magic, and Thomas Hobbes, a famous political philosopher. He was also acquainted with John Aubrey, the 17th-century biographer, who gave an account of Harvey in his manuscript Brief Lives.

Harvey was a committed royalist. He followed the king on the Scottish campaigns of 1639, 1640, and 1641, was with him from 1642 to 1646 during the English Civil Wars, and was even present at the Battle of Edgehill in 1642. His political views may be judged from the dedication to the king in his most important book, De Motu Cordis (1628; see below Discovery of circulation):

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Most serene King! The animal’s heart is the basis of its life, its chief member, the sun of its microcosm; on the heart all its activity depends, from the heart all its liveliness and strength arise. Equally is the king the basis of his kingdoms, the sun of his microcosm, the heart of the state; from him all power arises and all grace stems.

Harvey attended Charles in Oxford during the Civil Wars and in Newcastle when the king was held in captivity. Harvey eventually returned to London, in 1647.

Later life

In Harvey’s later life, he suffered from gout, kidney stones, and insomnia. In 1651, following the publication of his final work, Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium (Exercises on the Generation of Animals), it is believed that Harvey attempted to take his own life with laudanum (an alcoholic tincture of opium). However, this attempt failed. On June 3, 1657, at the age of 79, he died of a stroke.

One of the worst setbacks Harvey experienced concerned the loss of a great deal of written work when parliamentary troops ransacked his house in Whitehall in 1642. He considered the loss of his book on the generation of insects, which contained the results of a great amount of research, to be the “greatest crucifying” that he had in his life. He also lost notes on patients, postmortem examinations, and animal dissections. Further material was lost in the Great Fire of London in 1666, which engulfed the library that Harvey helped establish at the Royal College of Physicians.