Economics & Economic Systems, UNE-WRI
Economic system, any of the ways in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.
Economics & Economic Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title
unemployment insurance, a form of social insurance (q.v.) designed to compensate certain categories of workers......
unemployment rate, percentage of unemployed individuals in an economy among individuals currently in the labour......
UPI, an abbreviation for Unified Payments Interface, is a digital system that allows instant money transfer and......
union shop, arrangement requiring workers to join a particular union and pay dues within a specified period of......
UNISON, British labour union, an affiliate of the Trades Union Congress, the national organization of British trade......
UNITA, Angolan political party that was originally founded to free the nation from Portuguese colonial rule. UNITA......
United Automobile Workers (UAW), North American industrial union of automotive and other vehicular workers, headquartered......
United Farm Workers (UFW), U.S. labour union founded in 1962 as the National Farm Workers Association by the labour......
United Mine Workers of America (UMWA), American labour union, founded in 1890, that engaged in bitter, though often......
United Steelworkers (USW), American labour union representing workers in metallurgical industries as well as in......
UPC, a standard machine-readable bar code used to identify products purchased in grocery and other retail stores.......
urban planning, design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical form, economic functions,......
use tax, levy on the use or possession of a commodity. Under the principle that the taxpayer should pay according......
usury, in modern law, the practice of charging an illegal rate of interest for the loan of money. In Old English......
utility and value, in economics, the determination of the prices of goods and services. The modern industrial economy......
utopian socialism, Political and social idea of the mid-19th century. Adapted from such reformers as Robert Owen......
Édouard-Marie Vaillant was a French revolutionary publicist and politician who was exiled for his role in the Paris......
value-added tax (VAT), government levy on the amount that a business firm adds to the price of a commodity during......
James Alward Van Fleet was a U.S. military officer who was a division and corps commander during crucial World......
Mary Abby Van Kleeck was an American social researcher and reformer, a dynamic and influential figure in the investigation......
Émile Vandervelde was a Belgian statesman and a prominent figure in European socialism, who served in Belgian coalition......
Getúlio Vargas was the president of Brazil (1930–45, 1951–54), who brought social and economic changes that helped......
vassal, in feudal society, one invested with a fief in return for services to an overlord. Some vassals did not......
vCard, electronic business card that automates the exchange of personal information typically found on a traditional......
Thorstein Veblen was an American economist and social scientist who sought to apply an evolutionary, dynamic approach......
Juan Velasco Alvarado was the president of Peru from 1968 until 1975. Formerly commander in chief of the Army,......
vending machine, coin-actuated machine through which various goods may be retailed. Vending machines should not......
venture capital, in business finance, funds provided by wealthy individuals, investment banks, or other financial......
vertical integration, form of business organization in which all stages of production of a good, from the acquisition......
VIA Rail Canada, Inc., Canadian state-owned passenger-railway system. Incorporated in 1977 and established in 1978......
viatical settlement, arrangement by which a terminally ill patient’s life-insurance policy is sold to provide funds......
William Vickrey was a Canadian-born American economist who brought innovative analysis to the problems of incomplete,......
Jacob Viner was a Canadian-born American economist who made major contributions to the theory of cost and production,......
visible trade, in economics, exchange of physically tangible goods between countries, involving the export, import,......
Vo Chi Cong was a strongly anti-French Communist revolutionary who was among the earliest fighters for Vietnam’s......
Vo Nguyen Giap was a Vietnamese military and political leader whose perfection of guerrilla as well as conventional......
Sir Julius Vogel was a New Zealand statesman, journalist, and businessman known for his bold project to regenerate......
Volatility is a measure of the frequency and magnitude of changes in the price of a stock, exchange-traded fund......
Paul Volcker was an American economist and banker who, as chairman of the board of governors of the U.S. Federal......
Het Vrije Volk, former daily evening socialist newspaper, once one of the largest and most influential dailies......
wage and salary, income derived from human labour. Technically, wages and salaries cover all compensation made......
wage theory, portion of economic theory that attempts to explain the determination of the payment of labour. A......
wage-price control, setting of government guidelines for limiting increases in wages and prices. It is a principal......
Robert F. Wagner was a U.S. senator and leading architect of the modern welfare state. Wagner arrived in the United......
René Waldeck-Rousseau was a politician who, as premier of France, settled the Dreyfus Affair. He was also responsible......
Francis A. Walker was an American economist and statistician who broadened and helped modernize the character and......
Léon Walras was a French-born economist whose work Éléments d’économie politique pure (1874–77; Elements of Pure......
wampum, tubular shell beads that have been assembled into strings or woven into belts or embroidered ornaments,......
war finance, fiscal and monetary methods that are used in meeting the costs of war, including taxation, compulsory......
Barbara Ward, Baroness Jackson was a British economist and writer. After studying economics at the University of......
Kevin Warsh is a former member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors (the Fed) and served as an economic policy......
Washington Consensus, a set of economic policy recommendations for developing countries, and Latin America in particular,......
Lech Wałęsa is a labor activist who helped form and lead communist Poland’s first independent trade union, Solidarity,......
distribution of wealth and income, the way in which the wealth and income of a nation are divided among its population,......
Weather Underground, militant group of young white Americans formed in 1969 that grew out of the anti-Vietnam War......
Max Weber was a German sociologist and political economist best known for his thesis of the “Protestant ethic,”......
Sir Roy Welensky was a Northern Rhodesian trade unionist and statesman who helped found the Federation of Rhodesia......
welfare economics, branch of economics that seeks to evaluate economic policies in terms of their effects on the......
David Ames Wells was a popular American writer on science and economics who, as chairman of the National Revenue......
Astor. Rockefeller. Kennedy. Bezos. In 2011 the Occupy Wall Street protest movement spread the term 1 percent in......
A cashless society is one in which cash, in the form of physical banknotes and coins, is not accepted in any financial......
Fiscal policy refers to the spending programs and tax policies that the government uses to guide the economy. Governments......
It’s 1984. More than 77 million Americans—nearly one-third of the country—are tuned in to their televisions to......
Money, it has been said, is “a social convention.” Everyone agrees some pieces of paper or discs of metal issued......
Preparing a summary of work experience and skills is a critical part of the job-seeking process. But for young......
white paper, an authoritative report detailing an issue, position, problem, solution, or even a commercial product......
Whitley Council, in Great Britain, any of the bodies made up of representatives of labour and management for the......
wholesale price index, measure of changes in the prices charged by manufacturers and wholesalers. Wholesale price......
wholesaling, the selling of merchandise to anyone other than a retail customer. The merchandise may be sold to......
Delaware is home to more than half of all Fortune 500 companies, but it is not because of tax breaks or proximity......
The word buck as a term for the U.S. dollar dates back to the 1700s, when deer hides, or buckskins, were often......
Benjamin Franklin appears on the $100 bill not because he was a president—he wasn’t—but because of the role he......
The day following Thanksgiving—commonly referred to as Black Friday—has become one of the busiest shopping days......
Knut Wicksell was a Swedish economist, the foremost in his generation and internationally renowned for his pioneering......
Philip Henry Wicksteed was a British economist, classicist, literary critic, and theologian. Wicksteed, who was......
Friedrich von Wieser was an economist who was one of the principal members of the Austrian school of economics,......
wildcat bank, unsound bank chartered under state law during the period of uncontrolled state banking (1816–63)......
wildcat strike, work stoppage undertaken by employees without the consent of their respective unions. Such strikes......
William I was the king of the Netherlands and grand duke of Luxembourg (1815–40) who sparked a commercial and industrial......
John Henry Williams was an American economist, banker, and government adviser who achieved world renown as an expert......
Roy Lee Williams was an American union leader, president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (1981–83)......
Oliver E. Williamson was an American social scientist who, with Elinor Ostrom, was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize......
Robert B. Wilson is an American economist who, with Paul Milgrom, was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Economics......
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 by the Bank......
Gerrard Winstanley was a leader and theoretician of the group of English agrarian communists known as the Diggers,......
Sergey Yulyevich, Count Witte was a Russian minister of finance (1892–1903) and the first constitutional prime......
James Wolfensohn was an Australian-born American banker who served as president of the World Bank (1995–2005),......
Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL), American organization, the first national association dedicated to organizing......
won, monetary units of South Korea and North Korea. The Bank of Korea has the exclusive authority to issue banknotes......
Helen Laura Sumner Woodbury was an American economist whose investigative work centred largely on historical and......
George Woodcock was an English labour leader who was general secretary of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) from......
work, in economics and sociology, the activities and labour necessary to the survival of society. What follows......
history of the organization of work, history of the methods by which society structures the activities and labour......
workers’ compensation, social welfare program through which employers bear some of the cost of their employees’......
Workers’ Opposition, in the history of the Soviet Union, a group within the Communist Party that achieved prominence......
World Bank, international organization affiliated with the United Nations (UN) and designed to finance projects......
World Confederation of Labour (WCL), labour confederation founded as the International Federation of Christian......
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), leftist-oriented international labour organization founded in 1945 by......
world’s fair, large international exhibition of a wide variety of industrial, scientific, and cultural items that......
Writers’ Union of the U.S.S.R., organization formed in 1932 by a decree of the Central Committee of the Communist......