Scriptures, CYR-GER
Sacred scriptures of all religions, viewed as the word of God or inspired by God, have influenced the moral and ethical standards of countries, peoples, and religious groups. Their interpretation has long been a subject of discussion and, at times, controversy.
Scriptures Encyclopedia Articles By Title
St. Cyril of Alexandria ; Western feast day June 27; Eastern feast day June 9) was a Christian theologian and bishop......
Dacang Jing, the total body of Buddhist literature deemed canonical in China and Japan and comprising works of......
Daigak Guksa was a Korean Buddhist priest who founded the Ch’ŏnt’ae sect of Buddhism. A son of the Koryŏ king Munjong,......
Damascus Document, one of the most important extant works of the ancient Essene community of Jews at Qumrān in......
ad-Damīrī was a Muslim theologian, best known for his encyclopaedia of animals. A student of some of the leading......
The Book of Daniel, a book of the Old Testament found in the Ketuvim (Writings), the third section of the Jewish......
Daozang, a large, imperially sponsored collection of Daoist writings, very few of which have been translated into......
Dao’an was a pioneer Chinese Buddhist monk who facilitated the assimilation of Buddhism in China through his work......
James Darmesteter was a French scholar noted for ancient Iranian language studies, especially his English and French......
Dasam Granth, collection of writings attributed to Gurū Gobind Singh, the tenth and last spiritual leader of the......
Daxue, brief Chinese text generally attributed to the ancient sage Confucius (551–479 bc) and his disciple Zengzi.......
Dead Sea Scrolls, ancient, mostly Hebrew, manuscripts (of leather, papyrus, and copper) first found in 1947 on......
Deborah, prophet and heroine in the Old Testament (Judg. 4 and 5), who inspired the Israelites to a mighty victory......
decretal, a reply in writing by the pope to a particular question of church discipline that has been referred to......
The Book of Deer, illuminated manuscript written in Latin, probably in the 9th century, at a monastery founded......
Delilah, in the Old Testament, the central figure of Samson’s last love story (Judges 16). She was a Philistine......
Deuteronomist, (D), one of the supposed sources of a portion of the Hebrew canon known as the Pentateuch, in particular,......
Deuteronomy, (“Words”), fifth book of the Old Testament, written in the form of a farewell address by Moses to......
Devi Mahatmya, Sanskrit text, written about the 5th or 6th century ce, that forms a portion of a larger work known......
devil, (from Greek diabolos, “slanderer” or “accuser”), the spirit or power of evil. Though sometimes used for......
Dhammapada, probably the best-known book in the Pali Buddhist canon. It is an anthology of basic Buddhist teachings......
Dharma-shastra, ancient Indian body of jurisprudence that is the basis, subject to legislative modification, of......
Dhola, oral epic that is sung in various Hindi dialects in honour of the goddess Shakti and is performed in the......
Diamond Sutra, brief and very popular Mahayana Buddhist text widely used in East Asia and perhaps the best known......
Diatessaron, the four New Testament Gospels compiled as a single narrative by Tatian (q.v.) about ad 150. It was......
Martin Dibelius was a German biblical scholar and pioneer of New Testament form criticism (the analysis of the......
Didachē, the oldest surviving Christian church order, probably written in Egypt or Syria in the 2nd century. In......
Dinah, in the Old Testament (Genesis 30:21; 34; 46:15), daughter of Jacob by Leah; Dinah was abducted and raped......
Giovanni Diodati was a Swiss Calvinist pastor known for his translation of the Bible into Italian. Born of a refugee......
Letter to Diognetus, early Christian apologetic work probably dating from the 2nd or 3rd century ce. An insightful......
John Donne was a leading English poet of the Metaphysical school and dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral, London (1621–31).......
Douai-Reims Bible, English translation of the Latin Vulgate Bible produced by Roman Catholic scholars in exile......
Guillaume Durand was a French prelate who was a renowned canonist and medieval liturgist. After receiving a doctorate......
Timothy Dwight was an American educator, theologian, and poet who had a strong instructive influence during his......
Dēnkart, 9th-century encyclopaedia of the Zoroastrian religious tradition. Of the original nine volumes, part of......
Ecclesiastes, (Preacher), an Old Testament book of wisdom literature that belongs to the third section of the biblical......
Ecclesiasticus, deuterocanonical biblical work (accepted in the Roman Catholic canon but noncanonical for Jews......
Meister Eckhart was a Dominican theologian and writer who was the greatest German speculative mystic. In the transcripts......
Mary Baker Eddy was a Christian religious reformer and founder of the religious denomination known as Christian......
Edgerton Bible case, decision by the Supreme Court of the state of Wisconsin that outlawed devotional Bible reading......
St. Edmund of Abingdon ; feast day November 16) was a distinguished scholar and outspoken archbishop of Canterbury,......
Ehud, in the Old Testament (Judges 3:12–4:1), son of Gera, the Benjaminite, Israelite hero who delivered Israel......
Johann Gottfried Eichhorn was a German biblical scholar and orientalist who taught at Jena and Göttingen. He was......
Walther Eichrodt was a German scholar who showed the importance to biblical studies of an understanding of the......
Eknath was a poet-saint and mystic of Vaishnavism, the branch of Hinduism that reveres the deity Vishnu and his......
Eleazar ben Azariah was a Jewish rabbinic scholar, one of the Palestinian tannaim (those who compiled the Jewish......
Eleazar ben Judah Of Worms was a Jewish rabbi, mystic, Talmudist, and codifier. Along with the Sefer Ḥasidim (1538;......
Elihu, in the Hebrew Bible, a comforter of Job, the biblical prototype of undeserved suffering. Because Elihu’s......
Elijah was a Hebrew prophet who ranks with Moses in saving the religion of Yahweh from being corrupted by the nature......
John Eliot was a Puritan missionary to the Native Americans of Massachusetts Bay Colony whose translation of the......
Eliphaz The Temanite, in the Old Testament Book of Job (chapters 4, 5, 15, 22), one of three friends who sought......
Elisha, in the Old Testament, Israelite prophet, the pupil of Elijah, and also his successor (c. 851 bc). He instigated......
Elohist source, biblical source and one of four that, according to the documentary hypothesis, comprise the original......
Jacob Israel Emden was a rabbi and Talmudic scholar primarily known for his lengthy quarrel with Rabbi Jonathan......
Thomas Emlyn was an English Presbyterian minister and writer who first publicly adopted the name Unitarian to designate......
Hieronymus Emser was a German theologian, lecturer, editor, and polemicist who is remembered chiefly for his long......
First Book of Enoch, pseudepigraphal work (not included in any canon of scripture) whose only complete extant version......
Second Book of Enoch, pseudepigraphal work whose only extant version is a Slavonic translation of the Greek original.......
Letter of Paul to the Ephesians, tenth book of the New Testament, once thought to have been composed by St. Paul......
Saint Ephraem Syrus ; Western feast day June 9, Eastern feast day January 28) was a Christian theologian, poet,......
Erasmus was a Dutch humanist who was the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance, the first editor of the......
John Scotus Erigena was a theologian, translator, and commentator on several earlier authors in works centring......
Esau, in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) book of Genesis (25:19–34; 27; 28:6–9; 32:3–21; 33:1–16; and 36), a son......
First Book of Esdras, apocryphal work that was included in the canon of the Septuagint (the Greek version of the......
Second Book of Esdras, apocryphal work printed in the Vulgate and many later Roman Catholic bibles as an appendix......
Book of Esther, book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. It belongs to the third section of the......
Eusebius of Caesarea was a bishop, exegete, polemicist, and historian whose account of the first centuries of Christianity,......
Euthymius Of Tŭrnovo was an Orthodox patriarch of Tŭrnovo, near modern Sofia, monastic scholar and linguist whose......
Euthymius The Hagiorite was a monastic leader, scholar, and writer whose propagation of Greek culture and Eastern......
exegesis, the critical interpretation of the biblical text to discover its intended meaning. Both Jews and Christians......
Exodus, the liberation of the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt in the 13th century bce, under the leadership......
Jonathan Eybeschütz was a rabbi and religious scholar noted for his bitter quarrel with Rabbi Jacob Emden, a dispute......
Ezekiel was a prophet-priest of ancient Israel and the subject and in part the author of an Old Testament book......
The Book of Ezekiel, one of the major prophetical books of the Old Testament. According to dates given in the text,......
books of Ezra and Nehemiah, two Old Testament books that together with the books of Chronicles formed a single......
Fakhr ad-Dīn ar-Rāzī was a Muslim theologian and scholar, author of one of the most authoritative commentaries......
Fall of Man, in Christian doctrine, the descent of humanity from a state of innocence lived in the presence of......
False Decretals, a 9th-century collection of ecclesiastical legislation containing some forged documents. The principal......
Frederic William Farrar was a popular English religious writer and author of a sentimental novel of school life,......
Faxian was a Buddhist monk whose pilgrimage to India in 402 initiated Sino-Indian relations and whose writings......
Fengfayao, discussion of Buddhist precepts written in the 4th century ce by Xi Chao, who, though a Daoist, was......
Fomoire, in Irish myth, a race of demonic beings who posed a threat to the inhabitants of Ireland until they were......
form criticism, a method of biblical criticism that seeks to classify units of scripture into literary patterns......
Venantius Fortunatus was a poet and bishop of Poitiers, whose Latin poems and hymns combine echoes of classical......
Jean Fouquet was a preeminent French painter of the 15th century. Little is known of Fouquet’s early life, but......
Saint Francis of Sales ; canonized 1665; feast day January 24) was a Roman Catholic bishop of Geneva and doctor......
Gilbert Keith Chesterton (1874–1936)—the polymathic poet, philosopher, orator, journalist, superb stylist, and......
Gabriel, in the three Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—one of the archangels. In Western Christianity......
Letter of Paul to the Galatians, ninth book of the New Testament, written by St. Paul the Apostle to Christian......
Galilee, northernmost region of ancient Palestine, corresponding to modern northern Israel. Its biblical boundaries......
Gandavyūha Sūtra, Mahāyāna Buddhist sūtra that forms the climax of a larger text, the Avataṃsaka Sūtra. The Avataṃsaka......
Gath, one of the five royal cities of the Philistines, the exact location of which in modern Israel has not been......
Gemara, a rabbinic commentary on and interpretation of the collection of Jewish law known as the Mishna. See...
gematria, the substitution of numbers for letters of the Hebrew alphabet, a favourite method of exegesis used by......
Genesis, the first book of the Bible. Its name derives from the opening words: “In the beginning….” Genesis narrates......
Genesis Apocryphon, pseudepigraphal work (not accepted in any canon of scripture), one of the most important works......
Genesis Rabbah, systematic exegesis of the book of Genesis produced by the Judaic sages about 450 ce, which sets......
Geneva Bible, English translation of the Bible published in Geneva (New Testament, 1557; Old Testament, 1560) by......
Gennadius Of Novgorod was a Russian Orthodox archbishop of Novgorod, Russia, whose leadership in suppressing Judaizing......
Johann Gerhard was a leading German Protestant theologian, biblical scholar, renowned polemicist, author of the......