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Ratzel, Friedrich
Friedrich Ratzel was a German geographer and ethnographer and a principal influence in the modern development of......
Ratzenhofer, Gustav
Gustav Ratzenhofer was an Austrian soldier, military jurist, and sociologist. He was a Social Darwinist who conceived......
Reckless, Walter
Walter Reckless was an American criminologist known for his containment theory of criminology, which stated that......
Redfield, Robert
Robert Redfield was a U.S. cultural anthropologist who was the pioneer and, for a number of years, the principal......
Reichs, Kathy
Kathy Reichs is an American forensic anthropologist and author of a popular series of mystery books centring on......
Retzius, Anders Adolf
Anders Adolf Retzius was an anatomist and anthropologist who is best known for his pioneer studies in craniometry......
Retzius, Magnus Gustaf
Magnus Gustaf Retzius was a Swedish anatomist and anthropologist best-known for his studies of the histology of......
Richards, Audrey I.
Audrey I. Richards was an English social anthropologist and educator known chiefly for her researches among several......
Riesman, David
David Riesman was an American sociologist and author most noted for The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American......
Ripley, W.Z.
W. Z. Ripley was an American economist and anthropologist whose book The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study......
Rivers, W H R
W. H. R. Rivers was an English medical psychologist and anthropologist known principally for The Todas (1906),......
Rivet, Paul
Paul Rivet was a French ethnologist who suggested Australian and Melanesian origins for the Indians of South America......
Ross, Edward A.
Edward A. Ross was a founder of sociology in the United States and one of the first sociologists to pursue a comprehensive......
Rowntree, B Seebohm
B. Seebohm Rowntree was an English sociologist and philanthropist known for his studies of poverty and welfare......
Róheim, Géza
Géza Róheim was a Hungarian-American psychoanalyst who was the first ethnologist to utilize a psychoanalytic approach......
Sahlins, Marshall
Marshall Sahlins was an American anthropologist, educator, activist, and author who through his study of the people......
Salmond, Anne
Anne Salmond is a New Zealand anthropologist and historian best known for her writings on New Zealand history,......
Sapir, Edward
Edward Sapir was one of the foremost American linguists and anthropologists of his time, most widely known for......
Schapera, Isaac
Isaac Schapera was a South African social anthropologist known for his detailed ethnographic and typological work......
Schmidt, Wilhelm
Wilhelm Schmidt was a German anthropologist and Roman Catholic priest who led the influential cultural-historical......
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe
Henry Rowe Schoolcraft was an American explorer and ethnologist noted for his discovery of the source of the Mississippi......
Schrieke, Bertram
Bertram Schrieke was a Dutch social anthropologist known for his critical analyses of early Indonesian economic......
Schutz, Alfred
Alfred Schutz was an Austrian-born U.S. sociologist and philosopher who developed a social science based on phenomenology.......
Schäffle, Albert
Albert Schäffle was an economist and sociologist who served briefly as Austrian minister of commerce and agriculture......
Seligman, C.G.
C.G. Seligman was a pioneer in British anthropology who conducted significant field research in Melanesia, Ceylon......
Service, Elman Rogers
Elman Rogers Service was an American anthropological theorist of cultural evolution and formulator of the nomenclature......
Shariʿati, ʿAli
ʿAli Shariʿati was an Iranian intellectual and critic of the regime of the shah (Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi). Shariʿati......
Shover, Neal
Neal Shover is an American academic specializing in corporate and white-collar crime. Shover’s first publication,......
Sills, David L.
David L. Sills was an American sociologist known for his studies of organizational goals in voluntary associations.......
Simmel, Georg
Georg Simmel was a German sociologist and Neo-Kantian philosopher whose fame rests chiefly on works concerning......
Skeat, Walter William
Walter William Skeat was a British ethnographer of the Malay Peninsula whose detailed works laid the foundation......
Skocpol, Theda
Theda Skocpol is an American political scientist and sociologist whose work significantly shaped the understanding......
Small, Albion W
Albion W. Small was a sociologist who won recognition in the United States for sociology as an academic discipline......
Smelser, Neil
Neil Smelser was an American sociologist noted for his work on the application of sociological theory to the study......
Smith, Erminnie Adele Platt
Erminnie Adele Platt Smith was an American anthropologist who was the first woman to specialize in ethnographic......
Smith, William Robertson
William Robertson Smith was a Scottish Semitic scholar, encyclopaedist, and student of comparative religion and......
Sorokin, Pitirim Alexandrovitch
Pitirim Alexandrovitch Sorokin was a Russian-American sociologist who founded the department of sociology at Harvard......
Soromenho, Fernando Monteiro de Castro
Fernando Monteiro de Castro Soromenho was a white Angolan novelist writing in Portuguese who depicted African life......
Speck, Frank Gouldsmith
Frank Gouldsmith Speck was an American cultural anthropologist known for his work on the Algonquin Indian tribes......
Spencer, Herbert
Herbert Spencer was an English sociologist and philosopher, an early advocate of the theory of evolution, who achieved......
Spencer, Sir Baldwin
Sir Baldwin Spencer was an English biologist and anthropologist, and the first trained and experienced scientist......
Stanner, W.E.H.
W.E.H. Stanner was an Australian anthropologist who helped found the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies......
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe
Matilda Coxe Stevenson was an American ethnologist who became one of the major contributors to her field, particularly......
Steward, Julian
Julian Steward was an American anthropologist best known as one of the leading neoevolutionists of the mid-20th......
Strong, William Duncan
William Duncan Strong was an American anthropologist who studied North and South American Indian cultures and emphasized......
Sumner, William Graham
William Graham Sumner was a U.S. sociologist and economist, prolific publicist of Social Darwinism. Like the British......
Sutherland, Edwin
Edwin Sutherland was an American criminologist, best known for his development of the differential association......
Swanton, John Reed
John Reed Swanton was an American anthropologist and a foremost student of North American Indian ethnology. His......
Sykes, Gresham M.
Gresham M. Sykes was an American criminologist known for his contributions to the study of delinquency and prisons.......
Tajfel, Henri
Henri Tajfel was a Polish-born British social psychologist, best known for his concept of social identity, a central......
Tarde, Gabriel
Gabriel Tarde was a French sociologist and criminologist who was one of the most versatile social scientists of......
Tax, Sol
Sol Tax was an American cultural anthropologist who founded the journal Current Anthropology. He was also known......
Thomas, W I
W. I. Thomas was an American sociologist and social psychologist whose fields of study included cultural change......
Thompson, Sir J Eric S
Sir J. Eric S. Thompson was a leading English ethnographer of the Mayan people. Thompson devoted his life to the......
Thurnwald, Richard
Richard Thurnwald was a German anthropologist and sociologist known for his comparative studies of social institutions.......
Tozzer, Alfred M
Alfred M. Tozzer was a U.S. anthropologist and archaeologist who made substantial contributions to knowledge of......
Trotter, Wilfred
Wilfred Trotter was a surgeon and sociologist whose writings on the behaviour of man in the mass popularized the......
Tylor, Sir Edward Burnett
Sir Edward Burnett Tylor was an English anthropologist regarded as the founder of cultural anthropology. His most......
Tönnies, Ferdinand
Ferdinand Tönnies was a German sociologist whose theory reconciled the organic and social-contract conceptions......
Vico, Giambattista
Giambattista Vico was an Italian philosopher of cultural history and law, who is recognized today as a forerunner......
Virchow, Rudolf
Rudolf Virchow was a German pathologist and statesman, one of the most prominent physicians of the 19th century.......
Wach, Joachim
Joachim Wach was a Protestant theologian and one of the foremost scholars in the modern study of religion. As a......
Wallace, Anthony F.C.
Anthony F.C. Wallace was a Canadian-born American psychological anthropologist and historian known for his analysis......
Waller, Willard Walter
Willard Walter Waller was a U.S. sociologist and educator who did much to establish the fields of sociology of......
Wallis, Wilson D.
Wilson D. Wallis was an American anthropologist noted for his explorations of science and religion in small-scale......
Ward, Lester Frank
Lester Frank Ward was an American sociologist who was instrumental in establishing sociology as an academic discipline......
Warner, W. Lloyd
W. Lloyd Warner was an influential American sociologist and anthropologist who was noted for his studies on class......
Washburn, Margaret Floy
Margaret Floy Washburn was an American psychologist whose work at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie made it a leading......
Weber, Max
Max Weber was a German sociologist and political economist best known for his thesis of the “Protestant ethic,”......
Weidenreich, Franz
Franz Weidenreich was a German anatomist and physical anthropologist whose reconstruction of prehistoric human......
Westermarck, Edward
Edward Westermarck was a Finnish sociologist, philosopher, and anthropologist who denied the widely held view that......
White, Leslie A.
Leslie A. White was an American anthropologist best known for his theories of the evolution of culture and for......
Wied-Neuwied, Maximilian, Prinz zu
Maximilian, prince zu Wied-Neuwied was a German aristocratic naturalist, ethnographer, and explorer whose observations......
Wilson, Godfrey
Godfrey Wilson was a British anthropologist and analyst of social change in Africa. In 1938 Wilson was appointed......
Wilson, William Julius
William Julius Wilson is an American sociologist whose views on race and urban poverty helped shape U.S. public......
Wirth, Louis
Louis Wirth was an American sociologist who pioneered in the study of urban problems. A noted teacher at the University......
Wissler, Clark
Clark Wissler was an American anthropologist who developed the concept of culture area. Though educated as a psychologist......
Wolfgang, Marvin
Marvin Wolfgang was an American criminologist who was described by the British Journal of Criminology as “the most......
Znaniecki, Florian
Florian Znaniecki was a Polish-American sociologist whose theoretical and methodological work helped make sociology......

Sociologists & Other Social Scientists Encyclopedia Articles By Title