Sociology & Society, RET-SHU
The study of human societies is an important tool for the improvement of living conditions. It analyzes the innumerable factors that are the makeup of human behavior and that can cause social injustice, stratification, and societal disorder in the form of crime, deviance, and revolution. It helps to find the best possible solutions to issues such as economic inequality, race relations, and gender discrimination. The discipline of sociology has grown by leaps and bounds in the last century with the contribution of scholars from different schools of thought.
Sociology & Society Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Anders Adolf Retzius was an anatomist and anthropologist who is best known for his pioneer studies in craniometry......
Magnus Gustaf Retzius was a Swedish anatomist and anthropologist best-known for his studies of the histology of......
Revolution Day, public holiday celebrated in Egypt to commemorate the military coup of July 23, 1952, that led......
Cecil Rhodes was a financier, statesman, and empire builder of British South Africa. He was prime minister of Cape......
Audrey I. Richards was an English social anthropologist and educator known chiefly for her researches among several......
David Riesman was an American sociologist and author most noted for The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American......
W. Z. Ripley was an American economist and anthropologist whose book The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study......
Order of the Rising Sun, Japanese order founded in 1875 by Emperor Meiji and awarded for exceptional civil or military......
ritual, the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by tradition or by sacerdotal decree. Ritual is a specific,......
W. H. R. Rivers was an English medical psychologist and anthropologist known principally for The Todas (1906),......
Paul Rivet was a French ethnologist who suggested Australian and Melanesian origins for the Indians of South America......
Rock the Vote, nonprofit political advocacy organization dedicated to increasing youth voter turnout in the United......
Rockefeller family, prominent American family whose philanthropy and influence over several generations helped......
Rockefeller Foundation, U.S. philanthropic organization. It was endowed by John D. Rockefeller of the famed Rockefeller......
John D. Rockefeller was an American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Standard Oil Company, which......
John D. Rockefeller III was an American philanthropist, a member of the famed Rockefeller family. He was the eldest......
John D. Rockefeller, Jr. was an American philanthropist, the only son of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., and heir to......
Laura Spelman Rockefeller was an American educator and philanthropist who was the wife of John D. Rockefeller of......
Laurance S. Rockefeller was an American venture capitalist and philanthropist and a member of the famed Rockefeller......
Winthrop Rockefeller was an American politician and philanthropist and a member of the famed Rockefeller family.......
Edith Nourse Rogers was an American public official, longtime U.S. congressional representative from Massachusetts,......
role, in sociology, the behavior expected of an individual who occupies a given social position or status. A role......
Holmes Rolston III is an American utilitarian philosopher and theologian who pioneered the fields of environmental......
Julius Rosenwald was an American merchant and unorthodox philanthropist who opposed the idea of perpetual endowments......
Antonio Rosmini-Serbati was an Italian religious philosopher and founder of the Institute of Charity, or Rosminians,......
Edward A. Ross was a founder of sociology in the United States and one of the first sociologists to pursue a comprehensive......
Rothschild family, the most famous of all European banking dynasties, which for some 200 years had considerable......
Constance Mayfield Rourke was a U.S. historian who pioneered in the study of American character and culture. After......
B. Seebohm Rowntree was an English sociologist and philanthropist known for his studies of poverty and welfare......
A.L. Rowse was an English historian and writer who became one of the 20th century’s foremost authorities on Elizabethan......
Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian religious, social, and educational reformer who challenged traditional Hindu culture......
Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, one of the world’s oldest and most-influential golf organizations,......
Royal Astronomical Society (RAS), British scientific society founded in 1820 to promote astronomical research.......
Royal Geographical Society (RGS), British group founded as the Geographical Society of London in 1830. Its headquarters......
Royal Household of the United Kingdom, organization that provides support to the royal family of the United Kingdom.......
Royal Society, the oldest national scientific society in the world and the leading national organization for the......
Royal Victorian Order, British order of knighthood instituted by Queen Victoria in 1896 to reward personal services......
Helena Rubinstein was a cosmetician, business executive, and philanthropist. She founded Helena Rubinstein, Inc.,......
Rugby Football League, governing body of rugby league football (professional rugby) in England, founded in 1895.......
Rugby Football Union, governing body of rugby union football (amateur rugby) in England, formed in 1871 to draw......
Rugby Union World Cup, quadrennial union-rules rugby competition that is the sport’s premier international contest.......
rural society, society in which there is a low ratio of inhabitants to open land and in which the most important......
John Ruskin was an English critic of art, architecture, and society who was a gifted painter, a distinctive prose......
Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize, annual prize given by the Poetry Foundation—an independent literary organization and publisher—to......
Ryder Cup, biennial professional team golf event first held in 1927. It was played between teams of golfers from......
Géza Róheim was a Hungarian-American psychoanalyst who was the first ethnologist to utilize a psychoanalytic approach......
Arthur M. Sackler was an American physician, medical publisher, and art collector who made large donations of money......
Moshe Safdie is an Israeli-Canadian-American architect best known for designing Habitat ’67 at the site of Expo......
Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage was an American philanthropist whose exceptional generosity in her lifetime, especially......
Marshall Sahlins was an American anthropologist, educator, activist, and author who through his study of the people......
Edward Said was a Palestinian American academic, political activist, and literary critic who examined literature......
The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, British order of knighthood founded in 1818 by......
Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin was a French visionary philosopher who was one of the leading exponents of illuminism,......
Anne Salmond is a New Zealand anthropologist and historian best known for her writings on New Zealand history,......
Alice Salomon was the American founder of one of the first schools of social work and an internationally prominent......
Salvation Army, international Christian religious and charitable movement organized and operated on a military......
same-sex marriage, the practice of marriage between two men or between two women. Although same-sex marriage has......
samurai, member of the Japanese warrior caste. The term samurai was originally used to denote the aristocratic......
Sanchuniathon was an ancient Phoenician writer. All information about him is derived from the works of Philo of......
Sansi, nomadic criminal tribe originally located in the Rājputāna area of northwestern India but expelled in the......
Santhal, ethnic group of eastern India, numbering well over five million at the turn of the 21st century. Their......
Edward Sapir was one of the foremost American linguists and anthropologists of his time, most widely known for......
Katherine Siva Saubel was a Native American scholar and educator committed to preserving her Cahuilla culture and......
Michael Joseph Savage was a statesman who, as New Zealand’s first Labour prime minister (1935–40), won public support......
Isaac Schapera was a South African social anthropologist known for his detailed ethnographic and typological work......
Jacob H. Schiff was an American financier and philanthropist. As head of the investment banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb,......
Wilhelm Schmidt was a German anthropologist and Roman Catholic priest who led the influential cultural-historical......
Henry Rowe Schoolcraft was an American explorer and ethnologist noted for his discovery of the source of the Mississippi......
Bertram Schrieke was a Dutch social anthropologist known for his critical analyses of early Indonesian economic......
Alfred Schutz was an Austrian-born U.S. sociologist and philosopher who developed a social science based on phenomenology.......
Louisa Lee Schuyler was an American welfare worker, noted for her efforts in organizing public welfare services......
Albert Schäffle was an economist and sociologist who served briefly as Austrian minister of commerce and agriculture......
Academy of Sciences, highest scientific society and principal coordinating body for research in natural and social......
Academy of Sciences, institution established in Paris in 1666 under the patronage of Louis XIV to advise the French......
scientific racism, set of falsified scientific or pseudoscientific hypotheses that seeks to explain and justify......
Ellen Browning Scripps was an English-born American journalist, publisher, and philanthropist whose personal fortune,......
Vida Dutton Scudder was an American writer, educator, and reformer whose social welfare work and activism were......
secret society, any of a large range of membership organizations or associations that utilize secret initiations......
Richard John Seddon was a New Zealand statesman who as prime minister (1893–1906) led a Liberal Party ministry......
segregation, separation of groups of people with differing characteristics, often taken to connote a condition......
racial segregation, the practice of restricting people to certain circumscribed areas of residence or to separate......
droit du seigneur, (French: “right of the lord”), a feudal right said to have existed in medieval Europe giving......
C.G. Seligman was a pioneer in British anthropology who conducted significant field research in Melanesia, Ceylon......
Sen Rikyū was a Japanese tea master who perfected the tea ceremony and raised it to the level of an art. Sen Rikyū......
separate but equal, the legal doctrine that once allowed for racial segregation in the United States. The doctrine......
separation, in law, mutual agreement by a husband and a wife to discontinue living together. A legal separation......
Servants of India Society, society founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905 to unite and train Indians of different......
service club, an organization, usually composed of business and professional men or women, that promotes fellowship......
Elman Rogers Service was an American anthropological theorist of cultural evolution and formulator of the nomenclature......
sexism, prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls. Although its origin......
sexology, interdisciplinary science that focuses on diverse aspects of human sexual behavior and sexuality, including......
shadkhan, one who undertakes to arrange a Jewish marriage. Such service was virtually indispensible during the......
ʿAli Shariʿati was an Iranian intellectual and critic of the regime of the shah (Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi). Shariʿati......
Lemuel Shaw was the chief justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts (1830–60), who left an indelible......
William Shippen, Jr. was the first systematic teacher of anatomy, surgery, and obstetrics in the United States.......
Shivaji opposed the Mughal dynasty and founded the Maratha kingdom in 17th-century India. His kingdom’s security......
Neal Shover is an American academic specializing in corporate and white-collar crime. Shover’s first publication,......
Eunice Kennedy Shriver was an American social activist who worked tirelessly to improve the lives of the intellectually......
Shudra, fourth and lowest of the traditional varnas, or social classes, of India, traditionally artisans and labourers.......
Mark Shuttleworth is a South African entrepreneur, philanthropist, and space tourist who became the first South......
