Battle of Camarón
- Date:
- April 30, 1863
- Location:
- Mexico
A defensive action fought on April 30, 1863, with suicidal courage during France’s ill-fated intervention in Mexico, the Battle of Camarón is a foundational legend of the French Foreign Legion. Captain Jean Danjou, who led the legionnaires, enjoys the strange distinction of having his wooden hand revered as a relic of war.
Almost a year after their setback at Puebla in 1862, the French expeditionary force in Mexico resumed its push toward Mexico City. Puebla was placed under siege. Danjou was ordered to protect a valuable supply convoy containing gold coins, cannons, and ammunition that was heading for Puebla from Veracruz. With sixty-two men, representing Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, and Denmark, and two French lieutenants under his command, he encountered some 3,000 Mexican cavalry and infantry.
Danjou was a battle-hardened veteran who had lost a hand fighting rebels in Algeria. Abandoning fires he had ordered to be built in order to make coffee, Danjou held off the Mexican cavalry by forming his men into an infantry square before falling back to a strong defensive position in a warehouse on the grounds of Hacienda Camarón, a high-walled inn in the present-day town of Camarón de Tejeda in the state of Veracruz. The situation was hopeless, but Danjou refused to surrender following a demand delivered by the son of a French citizen, Captain Ramón Lainé, on the part of Mexican commander, Colonel Francisco de Paula Milán. His legionnaires swore to fight to the death. Barricaded in the hacienda, they cut down wave after wave of Mexican infantry with disciplined fire. At around midday Danjou was shot in the chest and killed; his senior lieutenant, Napoleon Vilain, assumed command but was also soon killed by Mexican fire. Resistance continued for another four hours and the number of dead and wounded mounted until only six men were left fighting, Lieutenant Clément Maudet and five legionnaires. Still refusing to surrender, this remnant fixed bayonets and charged the Mexican line. Two soldiers survived to be taken prisoner, and their request for an honorable surrender was granted by the Mexicans. Those survivors were later exchanged for a Mexican colonel captured by French forces.
Every subsequent year, on April 30, the Legion would bring out Danjou’s wooden hand, recovered after the battle from a nearby farmhouse, for veneration on the anniversary of the Battle of Camarón; the hand is still viewable at the Legion Museum of Memory at Aubagne, near Marseilles. To commemorate the undrunk coffee on the morning of battle, Foreign Legion officers serve coffee to their troops. France abandoned its fruitless Mexican adventure in 1866.
At the order of Napoleon III, the French Foreign Legion flag bears the legend “Camarón 1863.” At the Battle of Dien Bien Phu during the war in Indochina (Vietnam), French senior officers debated whether to surrender or, acknowledging the presence of a large Foreign Legion detachment among their forces, to “make a Camarón” and fight on to the death. One officer reportedly remarked that one could sacrifice 100 soldiers, but not 10,000, at which the French commander, General Christian de la Croix de Castries, elected to surrender.
Losses: French, 43 dead, 20 wounded of 65; Mexican, 90 dead and several hundred wounded of 3,000.
