Battle of Marston Moor
Battle of Marston Moor, (July 2, 1644), the first major Royalist defeat in the English Civil Wars. Two years after the outbreak of civil war in England, King Charles I was on the defensive in the north. A Royalist army was besieged in York by a Parliamentary army now supported by Scottish allies. The decisive battle, fought outside York at Marston Moor, gave Parliament full control of the north.
In spring 1644 a Royalist army led by the Marquis of Newcastle headed south to York, where it was soon besieged by a joint Parliamentary and Scottish force led by Sir Thomas Fairfax and the Earl of Leven. Charles I ordered his nephew, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, to take forces and relieve the siege. Rupert’s advance caused the Parliamentary army to break the siege and head out to meet the advancing Royalist army.
The two sides met at Marston Moor, 7 miles (11 km) from York. Both sides had around 7,000 cavalry, but the 11,000 Royalist infantry were easily outnumbered by the 20,000 combined Parliamentary and Scottish infantry. The two sides drew up with infantry in the middle and cavalry on either wing. A short artillery exchange at around 2:00 PM produced no movement, leading Prince Rupert to believe that battle would not be joined until the next day. At 7:30 PM, however, Parliamentary forces attacked during a thunderstorm. A cavalry troop led by Oliver Cromwell—later nicknamed "Ironside" by Prince Rupert, a name that was then applied to his troops—attacked and defeated the Royalist cavalry on their right wing. On their other wing the Royalist cavalry, led by Lord George Goring, held back a Parliamentary cavalry charge and then smashed the Scottish infantry. Cromwell responded by turning in to attack Goring’s cavalry in their rear, after which his cavalry helped the Parliamentary infantry to crush the Royalist center.
Losses: Parliamentary and Scottish, 2,000 of 27,000; Royalist, 4,150 of 18,000.