The response

Charlie Hebdo had earned a reputation for satirizing everyone, and a statistical analysis conducted by the newspaper Le Monde showed that the magazine was far more concerned with French politics than with religion; it had devoted a mere 1.3 percent of its covers to the topic of Islam in the decade prior to the attack. Nevertheless, problems had arisen earlier. In February 2006 Charlie Hebdo reprinted cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad that had originally appeared in the Danish Jyllands-Posten. Such visual depictions of the Prophet were prohibited by Islam, which adheres to the principle of aniconism, the opposition to the use of icons or images to portray living creatures. The Grand Mosque of Paris and the Union of French Islamic Organizations sued under anti-racism laws, accusing the magazine of inciting hatred against Muslims. A French court ruled in favour of Charlie Hebdo’s executive editor, Philippe Val, stating that it was only fundamentalists, not Muslims in general, who were being ridiculed in the cartoons. On November 2, 2011, the editorial offices of Charlie Hebdo were destroyed in a firebomb attack after the magazine announced a special edition under the name of “Charia Hebdo” and named the Prophet Muhammad as editor in chief. Following the attack Charbonnier, who had taken over as editor of Charlie Hebdo in 2009, was placed under police protection.

On the day of the 2015 attack, while the terrorists were still at large, thousands of people took to the streets in Paris and other cities to express sympathy for the victims, using the slogan “Je suis Charlie” (“I am Charlie”). The message of solidarity spread around the world on social media. The cover of issue No. 1178 of Charlie Hebdo, put together and published on January 14 by staffers who had survived the attack, showed a cartoon of a crying Muhammad holding a “Je suis Charlie” sign, under the headline “Tout est pardonné” (“All is forgiven”). Though the magazine’s print run had been 60,000 prior to the attack, close to 8 million copies of the January 14 issue were sold.

France saw a rise in reported Islamophobic incidents following the attacks, a worrying development for the estimated 4.7 million people who composed western Europe’s largest Muslim community. A counterpoint to that spike in hostility was the popularization of the slogan “Je suis Ahmed,” in remembrance of Ahmed Merabet, the Muslim police officer executed by the terrorists. Although radical Islam remained a great concern in France—at least 130 people would be killed in a series of terrorist attacks in Paris less than a year after the Charlie Hebdo shooting—such solidarity highlighted the perceived difference between religion and militant fundamentalism.