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ceramic composition and properties
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Figure 1: Three common metallic crystal structures. Figure 2A: The arrangement of magnesium and oxygen ions in magnesia (MgO); an example of the rock salt crystal structure. Figure 2B: The arrangement of uranium and oxygen ions in urania (UO2); an example of the fluorite crystal structure. Figure 2C: The arrangement of titanium, barium, and oxygen ions in barium titanate (BaTiO3); an example of the perovskite crystal structure. Figure 2D: The arrangement of copper, yttrium, oxygen, and barium ions in yttrium barium copper oxide (YBa2Cu3O7); an example of a superconducting ceramic crystal structure. Figure 3: Barriers to slip in ceramic crystal structures. Beginning with the rock salt structure of magnesia (MgO; shown at left), in which there is a stable balance of positive and negative charges, two possible crystallographic planes show the difficulty of establishing stable imperfections. The (111) plane (shown at top) would contain atoms of identical charge; inserted as an imperfection into the crystal structure, such an imbalanced distribution of charges would not be able to establish a stable bond. The (100) plane (shown at bottom) would show a balance between positive and negative charges, but a shear stress applied along the middle of the plane would force identically charged atoms into proximity—again creating a condition unfavourable for stable bonding.
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Figure 1: Three common metallic crystal structures.
Figure 2A: The arrangement of magnesium and oxygen ions in magnesia (MgO); an example of the rock salt crystal structure.
Figure 2B: The arrangement of uranium and oxygen ions in urania (UO2); an example of the fluorite crystal structure.
Figure 2C: The arrangement of titanium, barium, and oxygen ions in barium titanate (BaTiO3); an example of the perovskite crystal structure.
Figure 2D: The arrangement of copper, yttrium, oxygen, and barium ions in yttrium barium copper oxide (YBa2Cu3O7); an example of a superconducting ceramic crystal structure.
Figure 3: Barriers to slip in ceramic crystal structures. Beginning with the rock salt structure of magnesia (MgO; shown at left), in which there is a stable balance of positive and negative charges, two possible crystallographic planes show the difficulty of establishing stable imperfections. The (111) plane (shown at top) would contain atoms of identical charge; inserted as an imperfection into the crystal structure, such an imbalanced distribution of charges would not be able to establish a stable bond. The (100) plane (shown at bottom) would show a balance between positive and negative charges, but a shear stress applied along the middle of the plane would force identically charged atoms into proximity—again creating a condition unfavourable for stable bonding.
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