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philosophy of history
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Jacob Burckhardt
Johann Gottfried von Herder
Karl Marx
Oswald Spengler
Benedetto Croce
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Key People

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
German philosopher
Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli
Italian statesman and writer
Giambattista Vico
Giambattista Vico
Italian philosopher
Johann Gottfried von Herder
Johann Gottfried von Herder
German philosopher
Wilhelm Dilthey
Wilhelm Dilthey
German philosopher
Spengler, Oswald
Oswald Spengler
German philosopher
Eric Voegelin
German-American political scientist
Paul Barth
German philosopher and sociologist
Heinrich Rickert
German philosopher
Ariel Durant
American author
Will Durant
American author
Karl Marx
Karl Marx
German philosopher
Ibn Khaldūn
Ibn Khaldūn
Muslim historian
Taine, portrait by Léon Bonnat, 1889
Hippolyte Taine
French critic and historian
Benedetto Croce
Benedetto Croce
Italian philosopher
Joachim Of Fiore
Italian theologian
St. Justin Martyr
Christian apologist
Arnold J. Toynbee
Arnold J. Toynbee
British historian
Karl Gotthard Lamprecht
German historian
Carl Becker
Carl Becker
American historian